An Open Chamber Technique for the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Evolution from Soils

Schwartzkopf, Steven H.

doi:10.2307/1938559

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…(1969) and Park (1969). However, if near steady-state conditions exist and diffusion is a gas-phase process (Schwartzkopf 1978), the high Pc0 , in tropical soils would imply low diffusivities. In general, the relatively constant pH values for the main river reflect the influence of weathering products from the Andes Mountains.…”

Section: Processes Influencing the Aqueous C02 Poolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plankton Metabolism and Carbon Processes in the Amazon River, Its Tributaries, and Floodplain Waters, Peru‐Brazil, May‐June 1977

Wissmar¹,

Richey²,

Stallard³

et al. 1981

Ecology

104

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A synoptic study of photosynthetic and respiratory activity of plankton communities in different Amazon surface waters indicates that large-scale events such as flooding can have a major impact upon the cycling of carbon and nutrients in these aquatic ecosystems. During high water, the major factors influencing primary production appeared to be nutrient concentrations in the mouthbays and varzea (floodplain) lakes and high levels of suspended matter in the Amazon mainstem. In riverine systems, plankton primary production (PPP) averaged 4.04 mg C · m-3 • h-1 , and measures of respiration (R.) averaged 0.67 mg C · m-3 · h-1 • In the more productive varzea lakes and mouthbays, PPP averaged 26.37 mg C · m-3 · h-1 and R. averaged 2.30 mg C · m-a. h-1 • Bacterial densities, 14 C-acetate rate constants for uptake, and plankton carbon : ATP ratios implied that heterotrophic microbiota were important components of the plankton communities in riverine waters. The importance of terrestrial organics to metabolic activity in all waters was implied by high particulate carbon : nitrogen ratios (20: 1). These features were especially evident in riverine surface waters where integrated respiration rates exceeded those of plankton primary production. Riverine respiratory levels may be attributed to several factors: adequate supplies of terrestrial organic carbon, sufficient dissolved nutrient concentrations, increased surface area of suspended matter for microbial attachment and growth, and shading of phytoplankton by suspended matter which reduces photosynthetic activity.Observed supersaturation of Amazon waters by carbon dioxide was similar to observations for other rivers of the world. Shifts of C02 solute components to C02 in surface waters of varzea lakes and mouthbays and of some tributaries implied high partial pressures of carbon dioxide (=500-1500 Pa). The primary source of C02 is most likely decomposing organic matter in planktonic and benthic environments of the rivers, lakes, and flooded terrestrial lowlands.The hypothesis that respiratory input of C02 balanced by evasion (gas lost to atmosphere) is sufficient to explain high C02 vapor pressures in the Amazon River appeared true from our calculations but needs further examination. Particular attention should be given to periods of rising water, when planktonic respiration appears to be two orders of magnitude greater than at periods of high water. Subsequent seasonal studies of the Amazon and other large rivers are needed to determine how the plankton community, the chemistry of terrestrially derived organics and their biological oxidation in water, and inorganic factors control C02 supersaturation and exchange with the atmosphere.

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Section: Processes Influencing the Aqueous C02 Poolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plankton Metabolism and Carbon Processes in the Amazon River, Its Tributaries, and Floodplain Waters, Peru‐Brazil, May‐June 1977

Wissmar¹,

Richey²,

Stallard³

et al. 1981

Ecology

104

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“…Open-chamber systems have a constant airflow through the chamber, and the CO 2 concentrations in the inlet and outlet are continuously monitored. In these systems, air does not circulate but is vented to the atmosphere (Witkamp and Frank 1969, Edwards and Sollins 1973, Kanemasu et al 1974, Schwartzkopf 1978, Denmead 1979, Fang and Moncrieff 1996, Iritz et al 1997, Rayment and Jarvis 1997. Open-chamber systems are extremely sensitive to pressure differences between the chamber and the atmosphere (Kanemasu et al 1974, Fang and Moncrieff 1996, Rayment and Jarvis 1997, Lund et al 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing forest soil CO2 efflux: an in situ comparison of four techniques

et al. 2000

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Summary A dynamic, closed-chamber infrared gas analysis (IRGA) system (DC-1: CIRAS-1, PP-Systems, Hitchin, U.K.) was compared with three other systems for measuring soil CO 2 efflux: the soda lime technique (SL), the eddy correlation technique (EC), and another dynamic, closed-chamber IRGA system (DC-2: LI-6250, Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE). Among the four systems, the DC-1 systematically gave the highest flux rates. Relative to DC-1, SL, EC and DC-2 underestimated fluxes by 10, 36 and 46%, respectively. These large and systematic differences highlight uncertainties in comparing fluxes from different sites obtained with different techniques.Although the three chamber methods gave different results, the results were well correlated. The SL technique underestimated soil CO 2 fluxes compared with the DC-1 system, but both methods agreed well when the SL data were corrected for the underestimation at higher fluxes, indicating that inter-site comparisons are possible if techniques are properly crosscalibrated. The EC was the only system that was not well correlated with DC-1. Under low light conditions, EC values were similar to DC-1 estimates, but under high light conditions the EC system seriously underestimated soil fluxes. This was probably because of interference by the photosynthetic activity of a moss layer. Although below-canopy EC fluxes are not necessarily well suited for measuring soil CO 2 efflux in natural forest ecosystems, they provide valuable information about understory gas exchange when used in tandem with soil chambers.

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“…With the further development of electronics smaller IRGAs became available and more open systems were developed for field measurements (Witkamp, 1969;Witkamp and Frank, 1969;Edwards and Sollins, 1973;Edwards, 1974;Kanemasu et al, 1974;Schwartzkopf, 1978). They enabled much more accurate and continuous measurements as close as possible to the natural conditions.…”

Section: Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field measurements of soil respiration: principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods

Pumpanen¹,

Longdoz²,

Kutsch

2010

Soil Carbon Dynamics

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An Open Chamber Technique for the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Evolution from Soils

Cited by 19 publications

References 8 publications

Plankton Metabolism and Carbon Processes in the Amazon River, Its Tributaries, and Floodplain Waters, Peru‐Brazil, May‐June 1977

Plankton Metabolism and Carbon Processes in the Amazon River, Its Tributaries, and Floodplain Waters, Peru‐Brazil, May‐June 1977

Assessing forest soil CO2 efflux: an in situ comparison of four techniques

Field measurements of soil respiration: principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods

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