An open-access T-BAS phylogeny for emerging Phytophthora species

Abstract

Phytophthora species cause severe diseases on food, forest, and ornamental crops. Since the genus was described in 1876, it has expanded to comprise over 190 formally described species. There is a need for an open access phylogenetic tool that centralizes diverse streams of sequence data and metadata to facilitate research and identification of Phytophthora species. We used the Tree-Based Alignment Selector Toolkit (T-BAS) to develop a phylogeny of 192 formally described species and 33 informal taxa in the genus Phytophthora using sequences of eight nuclear genes. The phylogenetic tree was inferred using the RAxML maximum likelihood program. A search engine was also developed to identify microsatellite genotypes of P. infestans based on genetic distance to known lineages. The T-BAS tool provides a visualization framework allowing users to place unknown isolates on a curated phylogeny of all Phytophthora species. Critically, the tree can be updated in real-time as new species are described. The tool contains metadata including clade, host species, substrate, sexual characteristics, distribution, and reference literature, which can be visualized on the tree and downloaded for other uses. This phylogenetic resource will allow data sharing among research groups and the database will enable the global Phytophthora community to upload sequences and determine the phylogenetic placement of an isolate within the larger phylogeny and to download sequence data and metadata. The database will be curated by a community of Phytophthora researchers and housed on the T-BAS web portal in the Center for Integrated Fungal Research at NC State. The T-BAS web tool can be leveraged to create similar metadata enhanced phylogenies for other Oomycete, bacterial or fungal pathogens.

Diversity and distribution of Phytophthora species across different types of riparian vegetation in Italy with the description of Phytophthora heteromorpha sp. nov.

“…taxon sulawesiensis and P . taxon walnut) [39, 43, 44]. In the last 10 years, various studies have allowed the name of important pathogens to be stabilized, such as Phytophthora bilorbang , P. chlamydospora , P. emzansi , P. lacustris and P. kelmanii [45–48].…”

“…Some of these putative species have a wide geographic distribution and belong to the ITS clade 6 (i.e. Phytophthora taxon hungarica, P. taxon paludosa, P. taxon sulawesiensis and P. taxon walnut) [39,43,44]. In the last 10 years, various studies have allowed the name of important pathogens to be stabilized, such as Phytophthora bilorbang, P. chlamydospora, P. emzansi, P. lacustris and P. kelmanii [45][46][47][48].…”