An on-the-road experiment into the thermal comfort of car seats

Cengiz, Tulin Gunduz; Babalık, Fatih C.

doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.04.018

Cited by 56 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…According to the authors' knowledge [8,9], direct assessment of the thermal properties between the body and seat interface has been subjected to little objective experimentation. Other approaches have included a focus on the more subjective domain, using indirect assessment of thermal comfort [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microenvironment temperature prediction between body and seat interface using autoregressive data-driven model

Liu

Lin

Luo

et al. 2015

Journal of Tissue Viability

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractThere is a need to develop a greater understanding of temperature at the skin-seat interface during prolonged seating from the perspectives of both industrial design (comfort/discomfort) and medical care (skin ulcer formation). Here we test the concept of predicting temperature at the seat surface and skin interface during prolonged sitting (such as required from wheelchair users). As caregivers are usually busy, such a method would give them warning ahead of a problem. This paper describes a data-driven model capable of predicting thermal changes and thus having the potential to provide an early warning (15-to 25-minute ahead prediction) of an impending temperature that may increase the risk for potential skin damages for those subject to enforced sitting and who have little or no sensory feedback from this area.Initially, the oscillations of the original signal are suppressed using the reconstruction strategy of empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Consequentially, the autoregressive data-driven model can be used to predict future thermal trends based on a shorter period of acquisition, which reduces the possibility of introducing human errors and artefacts associated with longer duration "enforced" sitting by volunteers. In this study, the method had a maximum predictive error of <0.4 o C when used to predict the temperature at the seat and skin interface 15 minutes ahead, but required 45 minutes data prior to give this accuracy. Although the 45 minutes front loading of data appears large (in proportion to the 15 minute prediction), a relative strength derives from the fact that the same algorithm could be used on the other 4 sitting datasets created by the same individual, suggesting that the period of 45 minutes required to train the algorithm is transferable to other data from the same individual. This approach might be developed (along with incorporation of other measures such as movement and humidity) into a system that can give caregivers prior warning to help avoid exacerbating the skin disorders of patients who suffer from low body insensitivity and disability requiring them to be immobile in seats for prolonged periods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The direct measurement approach has employed either infrared imaging [8], or direct measurement at the site [9]. Ferrarin and Ludwig [8] compared thermal transients of four seat materials at three test points (ischial and thighs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microenvironment temperature prediction between body and seat interface using autoregressive data-driven model

Liu

Lin

Luo

et al. 2015

Journal of Tissue Viability

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“…Capability to relate thermal comfort with skin wittedness is limited, because of its relativity to temperature. Moreover, the results from the study of Cengiz and Babalik [4] are presented as average values. Therefore, it is not possible to identify skin wettedness in time and its correlation with comfort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Cengiz and Babalik [4] used skin wttedness sensor attached to the skin to measure the amount of moisture on the back. Skin wittedness ‫ݓ‬ (-) is defined as follows:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, the first two methodologies are not ultimately applicable to contact parts and the Fiala model requires detailed inputs that are not easily accessible in field conditions. Cengiz and Babalik [4,5] carried out an on-the-road experiment with the aim of examining impact of seat cover materials on the thermal comfort. Even thought, they did not investigate heated or ventilated seats, the properties of cover materials influence heat and moisture transport from a human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of measurable physical phenomena on contact thermal comfort

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Cabin HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning) systems have become an essential part of personal vehicles as demands for comfortable transport are still rising. In fact, 85 % of the car trips in Europe are shorter than 18 km and last only up to 30 minutes. Under such conditions, the HVAC unit cannot often ensure desired cabin environment and passengers are prone to experience thermal stress. For this reason, additional comfort systems, such as heated or ventilated seats, are available on the market. However, there is no straightforward method to evaluate thermal comfort at the contact surfaces nowadays. The aim of this work is to summarise information about heated and ventilated seats. These technologies use electrical heating and fan driven air to contact area in order to achieve enhanced comfort. It is also expected, that such measures may contribute to lower energy consumption. Yet, in real conditions it is almost impossible to measure the airflow through the ventilated seat directly. Therefore, there is a need for an approach that would correlate measurable physical phenomena with thermal comfort. For this reason, a method that exploits a measurement of temperatures and humidity at the contact area is proposed. Preliminary results that correlate comfort with measurable physical phenomena are demonstrated.

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Time–Intensity Using Discrete Time Points

Kuesten¹

2017

Time‐Dependent Measures of Perception in Sensory Evaluation

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An on-the-road experiment into the thermal comfort of car seats

Cited by 56 publications

References 17 publications

Microenvironment temperature prediction between body and seat interface using autoregressive data-driven model

Microenvironment temperature prediction between body and seat interface using autoregressive data-driven model

Impact of measurable physical phenomena on contact thermal comfort

Time–Intensity Using Discrete Time Points

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