An Observational Survey Study on the Use of Locoregional Anaesthesia in Non-Conventional Species: Current Practice and Potential Future Developments

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to investigate the current attitudes of veterinarians towards the use of locoregional anaesthesia in non-conventional animal species and to identify areas for future useful research on this topic. A questionnaire was circulated online. A total of 417 veterinarians, including American and European specialists/specialists-in-training in both zoological medicine and anaesthesia/analgesia (ACZM/ECZM and ACVAA/ECVAA), participated in the study. Fifty-nine percent of respondents performed locoregional anaesthesia in rabbits, with intratesticular injections and local infiltration being the most commonly-reported techniques. ACZM/ECZM specialists reportedly performed dental blocks in rabbits more frequently than ACVAA/ECVAA specialists (p = 0.030). Forty percent of respondents performed locoregional anaesthesia in rodents, with intratesticular injections, topical/splash blocks and local infiltration being the most commonly reported techniques. The proportions of respondents who reportedly used locoregional anaesthesia in ferrets, birds and reptiles were 37.9%, 34.5% and 31.2%, respectively. The use of Tuohy (p < 0.001) and spinal needles (p < 0.001), as well as of ultrasonography (p = 0.009) and nerve-stimulators (p < 0.001), was more common among ACVAA/ECVAA compared to ACZM/ECZM specialists. Major topic areas for future research were identified as dental block techniques for rabbits and rodents and blocks for the wings of birds.

The Successful Use of an Ultrasound-Guided Mid-Femur Sciatic Nerve Block in a Juvenile Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) under General Anaesthesia

“…In less common species literature is scarce and we do not take full advantage of the regional anaesthesia technique already described in dogs. Even so, an observational survey study involving a significant portion of respondents (over one-third) revealed that many use adapted regional anaesthesia techniques for pain management in birds [4]. However, what limits the use of these techniques in these species are the lack of published data on the local anaesthetic drugs and regional anaesthetic techniques and limited knowledge of anatomy.…”

“…Pain management in avian surgery is a rapidly evolving field, mirroring advancements made in mammalian regional analgesia techniques. Ultrasound and nerve stimulatorguided techniques have been previously described for application in both domestic [1,2] and wild avian populations [3,4]. Notably, extensive research conducted in canines has provided a valuable foundation for adapting nerve identification and blockade techniques for use in avian species.…”