An Observational Study on the Prevalence of Dry Eyes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and its Relation to the Duration and Severity of Disease

Sarkar, Kumaresh Chandra; Bhattacharyya, Shashwat; Sarkar, Piyali; Maitra, Aditi; Mandal, Ramkrishna

doi:10.46347/jmsh.2021.v07i01.012

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Some amount of dryness was present in 34 subjects (68%). Similar observations were present in studies done by Sarkar et al [ 14 ], Wasir et al [ 22 ], and Kamel et al [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Khetwani et al reported that 148 of their 182 patients were aged >50 years [ 13 ]. Similarly, Sarkar et al reported the mean age of patients was 54 ± 10.06 years with 43% aged between 40 and 50 years [ 14 ]. Acharlu et al demonstrated that the mean age of patients with DM was 55.06 ± 9.70 (range 40-75) years [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted by Dutta et al in Assam, India, observed a statistically significant correlation when comparing Schirmer’s score and the HbA1c level of each patient [ 16 ]. Sarkar et al’s study in West Bengal, India, showed that DM management was highly statistically significant with dry eyes [ 14 ]. Patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8%) were found to have a higher degree of dry eyes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted by Kalaivani et al [ 26 ] in 2017 in Puducherry, India among 191 patients with DM showed the prevalence of dry eye was 51.8%. About 42% prevalence of dry eye was reported by Sarkar et al [ 14 ] and 54% by Manaviat et al [ 6 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ocular Surface Diseases in Patients With Diabetes

Naik¹,

Magdum²,

Ahuja³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Purpose Diabetes is a major cause of ocular morbidity as multiple mechanisms play a role in inducing inflammatory changes in the eye. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common complication and is well-documented. However, in the era of modern medicine, attention is also being focused on ocular surface changes in diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between diabetes and ocular surface diseases. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional study examining 320 eyes of 160 patients with diabetes who were grouped according to their duration of diabetes. The symptoms were evaluated using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Their recent hemoglobin (Hb) A1c value was recorded. Their external or internal hordeolum, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and corneal sensitivity were also evaluated. The tear film was examined using tests, such as Schirmer's test, tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear film meniscus height (TFMH), fluorescein stain, and rose bengal stain. The results were correlated with the duration and control of diabetes. Results The mean age of the study population was 56.60 years comprising 56% (n=89) females and 44% (n=71) males. The mean OSDI scores were 7.9 ± 3.55 and 57 ± 19.22 in patients without dry eye and with severe dry eye, respectively. The study observed OSDI scores were consistently high with diabetes severity. About 67% (n=24) of patients with HbA1c of >8% had dry eyes. Dry eye was found in 68% (n=59) of patients with the duration of diabetes being >10 years. About 23.7% (n=38) had blepharitis, whereas only 4% (n=7) had external or internal hordeolum and 44% (n=86) had different grades of meibomian gland dysfunction. Corneal sensitivity was abnormal in only 12% (n=12) of patients. About 55% (n=86) of patients had varying degrees of dry eye. A statistically significant correlation was found between the severity of dry eye and TBUT, TFMH values, and grades of corneal staining (P < 0.0001). Conclusion This study observed that the incidence of dry eyes was found to be higher when patients had uncontrolled diabetes and diabetes for a longer period. The OSDI scoring system is an important diagnostic tool while examining patients with dry eye. In an ophthalmology clinic, patients with diabetes should always be evaluated for any ocular surface changes when being screened for diabetic retinopathy, and proper guidelines should be implemented to detect changes in the ocular surface system as early as possible so that any long-term complications such as infectious or neurotrophic keratitis may be avoided at an early stage.

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“…Some amount of dryness was present in 34 subjects (68%). Similar observations were present in studies done by Sarkar et al [ 14 ], Wasir et al [ 22 ], and Kamel et al [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ocular Surface Diseases in Patients With Diabetes

Naik¹,

Magdum²,

Ahuja³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…Overall, the prevalence of dry eye in patients of type 2 DM reported from previous studies is 18%–70%. [ 14 - 21 ] The prevalence of DED in the current study (43.81%) was comparable to a hospital-based study by Sarkar et al . [ 14 ] reporting 42% and by Dutta et al .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Study of dry eye disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with diabetic retinopathy in Western India

Mansuri

Bhole

Parmar

2023

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: The study was conducted to evaluate occurrence of dry eye disease (DED) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its association with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the affected patients in western India. Methods: One hundred and five type 2 diabetic patients referred to a tertiary eye care center were consecutively selected. A detailed systemic history was evaluated. DED was assessed by Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, Schirmer’s test, tear breakup time (TBUT), and fluorescein staining of cornea and conjunctiva, graded according to the National Eye Institute workshop grading. All patients underwent detailed fundus evaluation and DR, if present, was graded according to Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy (ETDRS) criteria. Results: Prevalence of DED in type 2 diabetics was 43.81% (92/210 eyes). The prevalence and severity of DED was found to be more in patients having higher glycosylated hemoglobin levels (P < 0.0001). Prevalence of DED was found to be high in those not taking any treatment (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant association was found between duration of DM and presence of DED (P = 0.02). Among the patients with DED, a majority had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR; 57/92 eyes, 61.96%). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant correlation between DED and DM, and hence, examination for DED with fundus examination should be an integral part of the assessment of type 2 diabetics.

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Immune-Mediated Ocular Surface Disease in Diabetes Mellitus—Clinical Perspectives and Treatment: A Narrative Review

Ghenciu,

Hațegan,

Bolintineanu

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, action, or both, with a global prevalence that has tripled in recent decades. This condition poses significant public health challenges, affecting individuals, healthcare systems, and economies worldwide. Among its numerous complications, ocular surface disease (OSD) is a significant concern, yet understanding its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management remains challenging. This review aims to explore the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies of diabetes-related OSD. The ocular surface, including the cornea, conjunctiva, and associated structures, is vital for maintaining eye health, with the lacrimal functional unit (LFU) playing a crucial role in tear film regulation. In DM, changes in glycosaminoglycan metabolism, collagen synthesis, oxygen consumption, and LFU dysfunction contribute to ocular complications. Persistent hyperglycemia leads to the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules, resulting in neuropathy, tear film abnormalities, and epithelial lesions. Recent advances in molecular research and therapeutic modalities, such as gene and stem cell therapies, show promise for managing diabetic ocular complications. Future research should focus on pathogenetically oriented therapies for diabetic neuropathy and keratopathy, transitioning from animal models to clinical trials to improve patient outcomes.

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An Observational Study on the Prevalence of Dry Eyes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and its Relation to the Duration and Severity of Disease

Abstract: An Observational Study on the Prevalence of Dry Eyes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and its Relation to the Duration and Severity of Disease

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Ocular Surface Diseases in Patients With Diabetes

Ocular Surface Diseases in Patients With Diabetes

Study of dry eye disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with diabetic retinopathy in Western India

Immune-Mediated Ocular Surface Disease in Diabetes Mellitus—Clinical Perspectives and Treatment: A Narrative Review

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