An Observation on the Functioning of the Golgi Apparatus

Mollenhauer, Hilton H.; Whaley, W. Gordon

doi:10.1083/jcb.17.1.222

Cited by 175 publications

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“…Each stack is polarized in the sense that the maturation (processing) of products and membranes appears to occur sequentially from a cis (forming) face on one side to a trans (maturing) face on the opposite side (Mollenhauer and Whaley, 1963). Each cisterna of the stack is unique in that it differs chemically, structurally, and hnctionally from the others Mollenhauer and Morre, 1980;Rothman, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on golgi apparatus form and function

1991

J. Elec. Microsc. Tech.

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In 1898, Camillio Golgi reported a new cellular constituent with the form of an extensive intracellular network (the apparato reticolare interno), which now bears his name. However, the history of Golgi's apparatus is replete with controversy regarding its reality, what components of the cell should be included under its aegis, and what terminology should be used when referring to it. Electron microscopy has resolved many of these controversies and it is appropriate that this volume emphasize that aspect of Golgi apparatus discovery. The principal structural component of the Golgi apparatus is the stack of cisternae, or dictyosome. As determined both biochemically and at the level of electron microscopy, the dictyosome is a highly ordered and polarized structure. The maintenance of order within the stack is thought to result from either intercisternal bonding constituents, or filamentous structures (or both) that bridge the space between adjacent cisternae. Mechanisms proposed for movement of membrane and product into and out of the dictyosome (i.e., the Golgi apparatus stack) include a serial mode which functions exclusively by the formation, displacement, and loss of cisternae from the stack, and a parallel mode which functions exclusively by the movement of membrane, product, or precursor molecules directly into the peripheral edges of the cisternae. In the parallel mode, all cisternae can be accessed either singly or simultaneously, at least in theory, at any position within the stack. It is probable that both the serial and the parallel modes function concomitantly and need not be mutually exclusive. Finally, the peripheral tubules of the cisternae represent a major membranous constituent of the cell with potentially unique functions. These tubules interconnect cisternae of adjacent stacks and may represent the major site of receptors for the shuttle (i.e., parallel) type of transfer among cisternae. Peripheral tubules as extensions of the cisternal lumina into the cytoplasm presumably have other functions, but these, like the tubules themselves, have only rarely been accommodated into functional models of Golgi apparatus dynamics in secretion or membrane flow.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on golgi apparatus form and function

1991

J. Elec. Microsc. Tech.

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“…Many observations have been made on the development of the cell plate during cell division in root meristems. Mollenhauer and Whaley (1962), Whaley et al (1962), and Mollenhauer and Whaley (1963) have discussed the possibility of the dictyosomes having a secretory function in plant cells, and these authors have also described the fusion of secretory vesicles from the dictyosomes to form the cell plate . In the light of these observations, it is possible that the role of the dictyosomes in the developing xylem elements is one of synthesis of substances concerned with wall formation.…”

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The Fine Structure of Differentiating Xylem Elements

Cronshaw

Bouck

1965

The Journal of Cell Biology

122

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Differentiating xylem elements of Arena coleoptiles have been examined by light and electron microscopy. Fixation in 2 per cent phosphate-buffered osmium tetroxide and in 6 per cent glutaraldehyde, followed by 2 per cent osmium tetroxide, revealed details of the cell wall and cytoplasmic fine structure. The localized secondary wall thickening identified the xylem elements and indicated their state of differentiation. These differentiating xylem elements have dense cytoplasmic contents in which the dictyosomes and elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum are especially numerous. Vesicles are associated with the dictyosomes and are found throughout the cytoplasm. In many cases, these vesicles have electron-opaque contents. "Microtubules" are abundant in the peripheral cytoplasm and are always associated with the secondary wall thickenings. These microtubules are oriented in a direction parallel to the microfibrillar direction of the thickenings. Other tubules are frequently found between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. Our results support the view that the morphological association of the "microtubules" with developing cell wall thickenings may have a functional significance, especially with respect to the orientation of the microfibrils. Dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulum may have a function in some way connected with the synthetic mechanism of cell wall deposition.

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“…There are three prevailing theories for how membrane and luminal cargo are transported: (i) by carrier vesicles that move cargo between physically distinct Golgi cisternae in both the anterograde and retrograde directions (1,2), (ii) by the forward movement or ''progression'' of the cisternae themselves, accompanied by vesicle movement in the retrograde direction (3)(4)(5), or (iii) by both mechanisms acting in concert (6)(7)(8). Direct membrane connections between cisternae at different levels of the Golgi also have been proposed (8)(9)(10)(11).…”

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Direct continuities between cisternae at different levels of the Golgi complex in glucose-stimulated mouse islet beta cells

Marsh

Volkmann

McIntosh

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

169

137

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Direct continuity between the membranes of cisternae in the Golgi complex in mammalian cells rarely has been observed; when seen, its documentation has been equivocal. Here we have used dualaxis electron microscope tomography to examine the architecture of the Golgi in three dimensions at Ϸ6-nm resolution in rapidly frozen, freeze-substituted murine cells that make and secrete insulin in response to glucose challenge. Our data show three types of direct connections between Golgi cisternae that are normally distinct from one another. These connections all ''bypass'' interceding cisternae. We propose that when pancreatic beta cells are stimulated to synthesize and secrete insulin rapidly in vivo, such connections provide a continuous lumen that facilitates the rapid transit of large amounts of newly made protein for secretion. The heterotypic fusion of cisternae, even transiently, raises important questions about the molecular mechanisms that (i) facilitate the fusion͞fission of cisternal membranes and control the directionality and specificity of such events, and (ii) retain Golgi processing enzymes at specific places within individual cisternae when two cisternae at different levels in the Golgi have fused, maintaining the sequential processing hierarchy that is a hallmark of Golgi organization.T he mechanisms by which proteins and lipids move through the Golgi complex remain controversial. There are three prevailing theories for how membrane and luminal cargo are transported: (i) by carrier vesicles that move cargo between physically distinct Golgi cisternae in both the anterograde and retrograde directions (1, 2), (ii) by the forward movement or ''progression'' of the cisternae themselves, accompanied by vesicle movement in the retrograde direction (3-5), or (iii) by both mechanisms acting in concert (6-8). Direct membrane connections between cisternae at different levels of the Golgi also have been proposed (8-11). Lippincott-Schwartz and colleagues (11) have suggested that such connections might constitute a major mechanism for transport through the Golgi stack, based on data that show first order kinetics for the rate of transport of exogenous viral glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus through the Golgi following its overexpression in cultured cells. Convincing evidence for direct continuity between nonequivalent cisternae has been limited or lacking, although connectivity between cisternae at equivalent levels of the Golgi ribbon is well documented (12)(13)(14).In this study, rapid freezing followed by freeze-substitution fixation of endocrine tissue isolated from mouse pancreas, together with techniques for analyzing electron microscope (EM) data in 3D at Ϸ6-nm resolution (15), have allowed us to capture and visualize such events in ''professional'' secretory cells stimulated to make and secrete large amounts of protein.Our observations of membrane trafficking in primary cells maintained in organ culture and stimulated to secrete at high levels suggest that the overexpression of proteins from transg...

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An Observation on the Functioning of the Golgi Apparatus

Cited by 175 publications

References 0 publications

Perspectives on golgi apparatus form and function

Perspectives on golgi apparatus form and function

The Fine Structure of Differentiating Xylem Elements

Direct continuities between cisternae at different levels of the Golgi complex in glucose-stimulated mouse islet beta cells

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