An objective measurement of a teacher's classroom interactions.

An Examination of the Value of Classroom Observation for Prospective Teachers

“…Probably the most extensive of these was proposed by Withall (5) in which a time-lapse camera takes a picture of the room every 15 seconds while a tape recording is made of the verbal responses. The use of this method is said to provide a measure of the classroom interaction between pupil and teacher.…”

Curriculum Development and Research—A Question of Fit

“…Currently, more and more educational research is being concerned with the teacher in action-with the transactional process of the classroom. Stimulated by the earlier work of Anderson and Brewer (1939) (1945, researchers like Withall (1949Withall ( ) (1956, Medley &Mitzel (1958), andFlanders (i960) (1961) have begun a trend that has since been complemented by the more complicated research work of Bellack et al (1966), Biddle & Adams (1967), and the like. These studies are serving to provide new insights into the process of reallife teaching and learning.…”

Exploring time-lapse photography as a means for qualitative data collection

“…Time-lapse photos were taken every 15 seconds during an eighth-grade art class for 12 weeks. Withall (1956) sought to understand how the teacher's time was distributed among students, to what extent the amount of time spent with each student differed, and whether or not the amount of time spent with each student was consistent with his or her presumed needs. He found that the teacher's time was not evenly distributed among the needs of his 26 students, even after the teacher made a conscious effort to balance interactions.…”

“…In the field of education, in the 1950s, Withall (1956) utilized a time-lapse methodology to quantitatively study an art teacher's interactions with students. Time-lapse photos were taken every 15 seconds during an eighth-grade art class for 12 weeks.…”