An MRI of the Olfactory Tract in a Case of Post-COVID-19 Persistent Anosmia

Hajjij, Amal; Benslima, Najwa; Aasfara, Jehanne; Bensouda, Hatim; Mahi, Mohammed El; Benariba, Fouad

doi:10.15342/ijms.2021.406

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, several previous studies proposed pathophysiological hypotheses of olfactory/smell dysfunctions after COVID-19. Anosmia was related to olfactory bulb atrophy on MRI in a patient with COVID-19 [34], and similar findings have been confirmed in other studies [35,36]. Interestingly, elevated levels of cytokine were found in the olfactory epithelium of COVID-19 patients suggesting that the direct inflammation of the olfactory tract could play a crucial role in the development of sensory loss [37].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

et al. 2021

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Background Qualitative smell/taste disorders (such as phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia) have not yet been fully characterized in patients who had COVID-19, whereas quantitative disturbances (i.e., reduction/loss of smell/taste) have been widely investigated. Objective To simultaneously assess the presence of both quantitative and qualitative smell/taste dysfunctions in patients who suffered from COVID-19. Methods We enrolled 17 consecutive patients who suffered from COVID-19 over the last 6 months and 21 healthy controls, matched for sex and age. After a negative nasopharyngeal swab, the Sniffin’ Sticks Test and the Taste Strips were used to assess olfactory and taste function, respectively. At the same time, the presence of phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia was investigated with a standardized questionnaire. Results Qualitative disturbances of smell and/or taste were found in 6/17 (35.3%) patients. Phantosmia was reported in 2/17 (11.8%) patients and parosmia in 4/17 (23.5%). There were no significant differences in smell test scores between patients who reported phantosmia and/or parosmia and patients who did not. Phantogeusia was described in 3/17 (17.6%) patients, and parageusia was identified in 4/17 (23.5%) patients. All tested patients were normogeusic. Conclusion Around one-third of patients who recover from COVID-19 may have persistent qualitative dysfunction in smell/taste domains. Detection of phantogeusia in long-term COVID-19 patients represents a further novel finding. Further investigation is needed to better characterize the pathophysiology of phantosmia, parosmia, phantogeusia, and parageusia in patients who had COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

et al. 2021

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“…As PD has been also related to microglial activation, it is important to consider the future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of neurodegenerative disorders [36]. Since the olfactory bulb is a well-known target of SARS-CoV-2, researchers should focus their attention on this important relationship in order to find new evidence that is useful for other diseases as well [37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Olfactory Dysfunction Correlate with Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease? A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

et al. 2022

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Background. Loss of olfaction is a well-established early feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although olfactory dysfunction has been widely described as a prodromal feature of PD in the literature, whether it can be considered a biomarker of PD progression is still a matter of debate. Objective. The aim of this work is to define the possible relationship between the progression of olfactory dysfunction and other putative clinical hallmarks of PD over time, through a systematic review of the current literature. Methods. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on PubMed from inception to March 2022. We included only longitudinal studies conducted on patients with diagnosis of idiopathic PD who underwent olfactory function testing at baseline and repeated it at least once during follow-up. Results. Among 5740 records identified through database searching, nine longitudinal studies met full criteria and underwent data extraction. Conclusions. Olfaction seemed to decrease over time, albeit with a degree of fluctuation. Moreover, smell detection ability seems to deteriorate more rapidly in the early phase of disease, indicating a possible association with disease progression. More studies are needed to better understand the role of olfaction as a biomarker of PD progression over time.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 also disrupts the function of the olfactory epithelium by destroying sustentacular cells and Bowman cells, causing changes in taste and smell sensations, according to recent experimental research [ 33 , 34 ]. Anosmia could also result from the olfactory bulb atrophy based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT findings in COVID-19 patients, as shown in several studies [ 32 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is variable presentation of olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, including total or partial loss of smell (anosmia or hyposmia) and taste (ageusia or hypogeusia), altered perception of smell/taste (parosmia and parageusia), and perception of an odor or a taste without any concurrent stimulus (phantosmia and phantogeusia) [10]. Qualitative disturbance of olfactory/gustatory function was also reported in 35.3% of COVID-19 patients, phantosmia and parosmia were reported in 11.8% and 23.5% of patients, respectively, while phantogeusia and parageusia were reported in 17.6% and 23.5% of patients, respectively. Patients also reported a persistent decrease in olfactory but not gustatory dysfunction [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence and Implications of Olfactory/Gustatory Dysfunctions among Adult COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Multiethnic Populations Study

et al. 2022

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(1) Background: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions (OGDs) was found in COVID-19 patients. Only a few studies looked into the prevalence of OGDs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence OGDs among multiethnic COVID-19 patients in the UAE, and its association to patients’ characteristics and disease outcomes; (2) Methods: There were 1785 COVID-19 patients included in our cohort; (3) Results: Males made up most of the study participants (86.3%). A total of 11.7% of the participants reported OGDs. Female gender and ethnicity had significantly higher symptom prevalence (p < 0.001). COVID-19 severity had a strong inverse association with OGDs (p = 0.007). Other illness outcomes, such as ICU admission, pneumonia development, and mortality, showed no correlation. Males, Asians, and patients with comorbidities all had statistically significantly lower prevalence odds. On the other hand, Emirati, Arab, and Iranian patients had a higher prevalence. COVID-19 patients with OGDs had a considerably shorter time until viral clearance than those without the symptom; (4) Conclusions: in nonsevere COVID-19, olfactory/gustatory dysfunction is common. As a result, it could be applied as a predictive sign for early disease diagnosis and prognosis.

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An MRI of the Olfactory Tract in a Case of Post-COVID-19 Persistent Anosmia

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

Qualitative smell/taste disorders as sequelae of acute COVID-19

Does Olfactory Dysfunction Correlate with Disease Progression in Parkinson’s Disease? A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

The Prevalence and Implications of Olfactory/Gustatory Dysfunctions among Adult COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Multiethnic Populations Study

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