An Italian Aristocracy in Arms: The Duke of Parma Goes to War 1635–1637

Abstract

When the Duke of Parma, Odoardo Farnese, summoned his noble subjects to join his army with a view to joining the French alliance against Spain in 1635, he was gratified by a turnout of astonishingly high proportions. Not nearly enough of them had personal experience of modern war, and so the prince appointed military nobles from much of northern Italy to fill the cadres, alongside the French officers whose contingents on loan from Louis XIII made up a third of the infantry. Unlike Spanish nobles, Odoardo's subjects were even willing to serve in the ranks, while waiting for their advancement. The two brief campaigns turned out to be a disaster for Odoardo and his subjects. War quickly receded from Parma's horizon, but the experience reveals that Italy's aristocrats had not yet consigned their weapons to display cases.

El conde duque de Olivares ante la Guerra de los Treinta Años. ¿Una gran estrategia?

“…Viendo la trayectoria de las relaciones de Olivares con la Santa Sede, este resultado es poco sorprendente y estaba anunciado. No parece que a sus contemporáneos les produjera tanta impresión como a los historiadores del siglo xx (Calvo, 1970;Hanlon, 2014;Arredondo, 2008). Tampoco debería sorprender que un nuncio papal en Francia, Giulio Mazarino, ocupara el puesto de primer ministro del rey, lo cual es buena muestra del concepto de monarquía perseguido por Richelieu, pues algo así hubiera sido impensable en la sustitución de Olivares tras su dimisión en 1643 (Bertière, 2007: 233-259).…”