“…First, there is a negative contemporaneous relationship between changes in volatility indices and the underlying stock indices' returns (see e.g., Giot, 2005;González & Novales, 2009;Whaley, 2009). Second, there is a significant contemporaneous and dynamic relationship among international equity-based volatility indices (see e.g., Äijö, 2008b;Konstantinidi, Skiadopoulos, & Tzagkaraki, 2008;Siriopoulos & Fassas, 2012). Third, volatility indices tend to fall (rise) following scheduled news announcements on macroeconomic fundamentals (unexpected events) (see e.g., Nikkinen & Sahlström, 2004a;Vähämaa & Äijö, 2011;Jiang, Konstantinidi, & Skiadopoulos, 2012).…”