“…Second, NiTi SMA is known to have a poor machinability associated with its unconventional deformation mechanisms (detwinning and stress-induced martensitic transformation) [10,15,19,25,29]. The shape memory properties of NiTi alloy cause a significant amount of tool wear and make it difficult for precise machining [5,6,10,15,28,30,31]. Thus, most of the conventionally-produced NiTi parts have simple geometries such as in the form of wires, plates, bars, tubes, etc., critically limiting the full potential applicability of NiTi [6,25,28,29,32].…”