An investigation on the accuracy of three-dimensional space reconstruction using the direct linear transformation technique

Chen, Liang; Armstrong, Charles W.; Raftopoulos, D. D.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(94)90024-8

Cited by 139 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These techniques are mostly based on the direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm [1], optimized [18] or modified [2,4,6,11,12,21,22], making it possible to reconstruct a point using its projections on two X-ray films. Although quite accurate on the vertebral body of non-pathological vertebrae, these techniques are far from being optimal on scoliotic vertebrae [3,20], because of the lack of identifiable stereo-corresponding points in certain vertebral regions, e.g., the posterior arch.…”

Section: A Mitulescu W Skalli D Mitton J a De Guisementioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique

et al. 2002

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IntroductionAs scoliosis is a three-dimensional (3D) local and global deformation of the spine [5,9,10,23], 3D computerized rendering of scoliotic vertebrae is required for surgical planning as well as for finite element modeling of this spinal pathology [3,16].Because of the high irradiating dose [17] and of the patient having to adopt a lying position, computed tomography (CT), although quite accurate [7, 14,20], is an inappropriate 3D reconstruction method when dealing with scoliotic patients. Thus alternative radiological 3D reconstruction techniques, using 3D surface rendering algorithms, are necessary in order to provide the surgeon with the same 3D information. Such alternative techniques are all based on the stereoradiography method, which is also called biplanar radiography.Stereoradiographic 3D reconstruction techniques are divided into two classes. The first of these use an algorithm that allows reconstruction only where there are stereo-corresponding points, i.e., points for which the proAbstract The medical imaging techniques that allow a three-dimensional (3D) surface rendering reconstruction, which is usually required by the clinician when dealing with scoliotic patients, are computed tomography (CT) and stereoradiography. However, CT cannot provide a 3D rendering of the whole spine because of the high irradiating dose, while the stereoradiographic 3D reconstruction techniques, which use an algorithm derived from the direct linear transformation (DLT), are usually limited in accuracy because of the small number of corresponding anatomical landmarks identifiable on both radiographs. The purpose of the present study is to validate a recent biplanar 3D surface rendering reconstruction technique on scoliotic vertebrae. This technique, called "non stereo-corresponding points" (NSCP), has already been tested on non-pathologic dry cervical vertebrae and frozen lumbar specimens, and the results have proved very encouraging. Since scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the vertebrae and of the global spine, such a technique could be a very useful clinical tool for the diagnostic, follow-up and surgical planning when dealing with scoliotic patients. The validation of the NSCP technique on scoliotic patients was performed on 58 scoliotic vertebrae in 14 patients, by comparison with the CT scan 3D rendering technique. The results of this study show mean errors of 1.5 mm. On the basis of this study, we can conclude that the NSCP 3D reconstruction technique is a definite improvement over existing techniques, and can serve as a useful diagnosis tool in scoliosis. However, the results of the technique still need to be optimized for use in geometrical modeling.

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Section: A Mitulescu W Skalli D Mitton J a De Guisementioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique

et al. 2002

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“…Thirty-six control points were evenly distributed in the whole control region [15]. They allowed spatial reconstruction on a field of view of 552 mm diagonal length.…”

Section: Recording Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concrete use of the joint coordinate system for the quantification of articular rotations in the digital joints of the horse

et al. 2000

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-A method is detailed allowing the computation of three-dimensional (3D) joint angles. Each joint of the equine digit is modelled as a sequence of three single axis rotary joints. The Joint Coordinate System was used; it involves a specific sequence of cardanic angles. The decomposition of the angles was chosen so that the three elementary angles coincide with the flexion/extension, passive abduction/adduction and lateral/medial rotations. The algorithms and kinematic procedures were described for the equine front digital joints. This method was tested in vitro on four forelimbs. For each limb, angle values were measured while the member was loaded by a press (from 500 to 6 000 N). These tests were repeated while a wedge raised one part of the hoof (toe, heel, lateral and medial sides) in order to induce modifications of the angular patterns of the joints. This method allowed a precise quantitative determination of 3D joint movements. The modifications occurring with the wedges are clearly identified and confirm some previously published semi-quantitative observations. Moreover, this method provides a way to collect objective data on the functional anatomy of joints and could be used to study connective shoeing thoroughly. It may be directly applied to other species and may be used by researchers interested in discreet articular movements, especially occurring in other planes than the sagittal one.horse / kinematics / digital joint / joint coordinate system / cardanic angles Vet. Res. 31 (2000) 297-311 297

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“…However, most studies in swimming were limited to two-dimensional (2D) analysis techniques, which imply higher number of errors, once disregards especial characteristics of movements, particularly of the limbs. In 3D analysis the most popular technique used for the transformation of the 2D image coordinates into 3D space coordinates is the direct linear transformation procedure (DLT) [1]. With the DLT technique an appropriate number of points with known 3D coordinates (control points) on a calibration volume are used for the calibration of the recording space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the DLT technique an appropriate number of points with known 3D coordinates (control points) on a calibration volume are used for the calibration of the recording space. In this procedure, the number and distribution [1] of the control points, as well as the size of calibration volume [2] affect reconstruction accuracy. Psycharakis et al [3] showed improvement in the calibration accuracy when the number of control points were increased from 10 to 20, using a calibration volume of 6.75m 3 , while Gourgoulis et al [4] using measurements carried out in two different recording conditions: (i) out of the water and (ii) in the water, found larger reconstruction errors in water compared to above water conditions, whatever the size of the calibration volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Psycharakis et al [3] showed improvement in the calibration accuracy when the number of control points were increased from 10 to 20, using a calibration volume of 6.75m 3 , while Gourgoulis et al [4] using measurements carried out in two different recording conditions: (i) out of the water and (ii) in the water, found larger reconstruction errors in water compared to above water conditions, whatever the size of the calibration volume. Moreover, Chen et al [1] and Kwon [5] pointed out that reconstruction accuracy should be assessed using a number of validation points that did not serve as control points since the DLT parameters are optimised for the reconstruction of the control points.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic Analysis of the Reconstruction Error of A Calibration Volume for 3d Analysis in Swimming

Brandao¹,

Figueiredo²,

Gonçalves³

et al. 2014

TOSSJ

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Abstract:The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of the three-dimensional reconstructionabove and below water -of a calibration volume for three-dimensional analysis in swimming. The calibration volume (3x3x3m) was placed in a 25m x 12.5m x 2m swimming pool and was recorded simultaneously by 4 under and 2 above water synchronized cameras. To assess the number of control points required to maximise the accuracy of threedimensional coordinate reconstruction, 12 markers in the calibrated space were digitised over 10 fields for each underwater and above water camera views. Seven series of 12 markers, using 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 30 control points were digitised. Direct linear transformation methods were used to estimate the marker locations on the volume. Comparison among different numbers of control points showed that the set of 20 (underwater) and 16 (above water) points produced the most accurate results. The average root mean square errors were (x, y and z, respectively): (i) 4.85mm, 2.52mm and 7.43mm (set of 20 digitised underwater points) and (ii) 4.11mm, 5.69mm and 3.90mm (set of 16 digitised above water points). The standard deviation in underwater cameras was 1.22mm, 0.33mm and 3.47mm, and 1.57mm, 2.63mm and 2.35mm for above water cameras (for x, y and z, respectively). The calibration volume was found to have high accuracy and reliability.

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An investigation on the accuracy of three-dimensional space reconstruction using the direct linear transformation technique

Cited by 139 publications

References 4 publications

Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique

Three-dimensional surface rendering reconstruction of scoliotic vertebrae using a non stereo-corresponding points technique

Concrete use of the joint coordinate system for the quantification of articular rotations in the digital joints of the horse

Kinematic Analysis of the Reconstruction Error of A Calibration Volume for 3d Analysis in Swimming

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