An investigation on gas hydrate formation and slurry viscosity in the presence of wax crystals

Shi, Bohui; Chai, Shuai; Liu, Yang; Song, Shangfei; Yao, Haiyuan; Wu, Haixia; Wang, Wei

doi:10.1002/aic.16192

Cited by 59 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Up to now, many studies have been conducted to investigate the interaction between hydrate and wax in terms of nucleation, − formation, − agglomeration, ,− deposition, , and plugging . The details and main conclusions of these studies have been discussed in our previous study and will not be repeated here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor

Song

Ning

et al. 2020

Langmuir

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In oil industry, the coexistence of hydrate and wax can result in a severe challenge to subsea flow assurance. In order to study the effects of wax on hydrate growth at the oil–water interface, a series of microexperiments were conducted in a self-made reactor, where hydrates gradually nucleated and grew on the surface of a water droplet immersed in wax-containing oil. According to the micro-observations, hydrate shells formed at the oil–water interface in the absence of kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI). The roughness and growth rate of hydrate shells were analyzed, and the effects of wax were investigated. In addition, vertical growth of the hydrate shell was observed in the presence of wax, and a mechanism was proposed for illustration. In the presence of KHI, small hydrate crystals formed separately at the oil–water interface instead of hydrate shells. The presence of KHI reduced the growth rate of hydrates and changed the wettability of hydrates. Moreover, the presence of wax showed no obvious effect on the effectiveness of KHI under experimental conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor

Song

Ning

et al. 2020

Langmuir

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“…To date, different research has been performed to study the coupling between hydrate issues and wax issues. The results of this research haves shown that wax could affect hydrate issues through affecting the nucleation, − formation, − agglomeration, ,− deposition, , and plugging processes. However, the main conclusions and mechanisms obtained from this research can be quite different and sometimes contradictory with each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Surfactant

et al. 2021

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Natural gas hydrates can readily form in deep-water–oil production processes and pose a great threat to subsea pipeline flow assurance. The usage of surfactants and hydrate antiagglomerants is a common strategy to prevent hydrate hazards. In water/wax-containing oil systems, hydrate coexisting with wax could lead to more complex and risky transportation conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of surfactants and hydrate antiagglomerants in the presence of wax should be further evaluated. In this work, for the purpose of investigating how wax and surfactants could affect hydrate growth at the oil–water interface, a series of microexperiments was conducted in an atmospheric visual cell where the nucleation and growth of hydrates took place on a water droplet surrounded by wax-containing oils. On the basis of the experimental phenomena observed using a microscope, the formation of a hydrate shell by lateral growth, the collapse of a water droplet after hydrate initial formation, and the formation of hollow–conical hydrate crystals were identified. These experimental phenomena were closely related to the concentration of wax and surfactant used in each case. In addition, it was shown that the effectiveness of the surfactant could be weakened by wax molecules. Moreover, there existed a critical wax content above which the effectiveness of the surfactant was greatly reduced and the critical wax content gradually increased with increasing surfactant concentration. This work could provide guidance for hydrate management in wax-containing systems.

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Section: Characteristics Of Wax-hydrate Deposition In Oil–gas–water T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, the effect of wax on hydrate formation rate and aggregation between hydrate particles was studied. In addition, Chen et al 142 and Shi et al 143 also studied the influence of the wax crystals on the induction period of hydrate formation, and they believed that wax crystals would extend the induction period, which is not conducive to the hydrate formation, as shown in Figure 4.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax and Wax–Hydrate Deposition Characteristics in Single-, Two-, and Three-Phase Pipelines: A Review

Liu

Wang

et al. 2020

Energy Fuels

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In the oil pipeline transportation system, wax deposition will reduce the effective circulation area, weaken the overall pipeline transportation capacity, and even block the pipeline, which seriously threatens the safety of the pipeline flows. In the actual production of oil fields and the transportation of oil products, except for the single-phase waxy crude oil, under most conditions, operations are performed using multiphase mixed transportation, so it is necessary to determine the wax deposition characteristics in those pipeline systems. In this Review, three new wax deposition mechanisms proposed in recent years and several typical experimental devices were summarized, the wax deposition in oil–water and oil–gas flow systems and the wax–hydrate coupling deposition in oil–gas–water flow system flows were concluded; the mathematical models were also categorized based on the three flow systems. Meanwhile, it highlighted the fact that, in the two-phase flow, because of the complexity of the flow pattern and the presence of the second interface on the wax deposition process, independent theoretical research on the mechanism of wax deposition is particularly necessary; based on this, a more-accurate wax deposition prediction model can also be developed. For the coupled deposition of wax-hydrate in the three-phase flow system, experimental instruments such as FBRM, PVM and molecular dynamics simulations could be used to study the distribution characteristics and interaction rules of wax crystals and hydrate particles from a microscopic perspective. On the other hand, the mechanism of wax crystal and hydrate coupling deposition by additives such as antiwax agents, hydrate inhibitors, antipolymerization agents, and pipeline transportation conditions can be investigated experimentally to better control the deposition process during pipeline operation and ensure the safe flow in the transportation system.

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An investigation on gas hydrate formation and slurry viscosity in the presence of wax crystals

Cited by 59 publications

References 76 publications

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor

Investigation on Hydrate Growth at the Oil–Water Interface: In the Presence of Wax and Surfactant

Wax and Wax–Hydrate Deposition Characteristics in Single-, Two-, and Three-Phase Pipelines: A Review

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