ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe current work is a result of several years efforts, trial & error and back-andforth improvements. It would not be possible without the help and support of my advisor, colleagues, friends and family. Over the past century, revolutionary progress in physical science enabled us to discuss the Universe in terms of empirical evidence rather than pure speculation. Over the past decade, progress in technology has pushed Cosmology into the precision era.The composition, evolution and fate of the Universe has became one of the major topics for serious scientists.Among the four known fundamental interactions, only electromagnetism and gravity can carry interactions over a long range. In our Universe, most objects are electrically neutral but massive. Therefore the dominant interaction on large scales in the Universe is gravity. However, the "charge" for gravitational interaction is Mass and the strength of gravity is lot weaker (∼ 10 36 ) than their electromagnetic counterpart, making them VERY weakly coupled to our instruments. As a result, only when the gravitational effects are manifested by electromagnetic phenomena, we can reliably detect them to high precision with our current technology. Therefore, we need something that is gravitationally significant so that cosmological information can be effectively encoded in, while also manifesting strong electromagnetic features so that we can reliably detect it.Under the above criterion, galaxy clusters stand out immediately. They are so massive that they get the strongest imprints during the evolution of the Universe.On the other hand, they also show strong features in various wavelengths of the electromagnetic emission (e.g. see Figure 2), leading to their reliable detection. This unique characteristic make galaxy clusters a very important probe for cosmology.To probe the Universe with galaxy clusters, the first step is to build a large catalog for clustered galaxies. This is the major topic of this work! The past decade is one of the most exciting period in the history of physics and astronomy. The discovery of cosmic acceleration dramatically changed our understanding about the evolution and constituents of the Universe. To accommodate the new acceleration phase into our well established Big Bang cosmological scenario under the frame work of General Relativity, there must exist a very special substance that has negative pressure and make up about 73% of the total energy density in our Universe. It is called Dark Energy. For the first time people realized that the vast majority of our Universe is made of things that are totally different from the things we are made of. Therefore, one of the major endeavors in physics and astronomy in the coming years is trying to understand, if we can, the nature of dark energy.Understanding dark energy cannot be achieved from pure logic. We need empirical evidence to finally determine about what is dark energy. The better we can constrain the energy density and evolution of the dark energy, the closer we will get to th...