“…Despite the nontrivial nature of issuance costs, the literature is sparse, particularly for municipal markets (Ang and Green 2011;Robbins and Simonsen 2011;Moldogaziev and Luby 2012). Studies of private sector issuance costs emphasize comparative costs in domestic versus international markets, underwriting fees, and asset-backed securities (Johnson, Morton, and Findlay 1975;Livingston and Jewell 1998;Iannotta and Navone 2008;Gottesman and Puskar 2009). Studies of public sector issuance costs focus on economies of scale in primary and secondary markets (Harris and Piwowar 2004;Robbins and Simonsen 2011), municipal versus corporate debt (Chakravarty and Sarkar 2003), and the method of sale (for a review, see Robbins 2002).…”