An investigation of the use of cellulose-based materials to gap-fill wooden objects

Fulcher, Kate

doi:10.1080/00393630.2015.1109294

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Basically, the samples based on KG or MC (with microballoon or with paper pulp) shrunk most significantly, while those based on KG or ParaloidV R B-72 such as the mixtures of microballoon: microcrystalline cellulose 1:3 and microballoon: paper pulp 1:1 were the most dimensionally stable. This is in line with the data obtained by Grattan and Barclay (1988) or Fulcher (2017), who also observed that as the great majority of the filling mixtures was the solvent, so the solvent was a major agent of impact on their behavior upon drying. Owing to the fact that wood powder is more hygroscopic than glass microballoons and is more prone to change its dimensions at different humidity levels (Skaar, 1984;Hatchfield, 1986), its greater instability upon drying can be expected.…”

Section: Dimensional Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Owing to the fact that wood powder is more hygroscopic than glass microballoons and is more prone to change its dimensions at different humidity levels (Skaar, 1984; Hatchfield, 1986), its greater instability upon drying can be expected. This kind of observation was reported by Fulcher (2017) for gap fillers based on paper pulp (which is a cellulosic material just like wood powder, thus its moisture behavior is quite similar). She showed that all the samples containing paper pulp shrunk significantly more than samples based on glass microballoons, regardless of the adhesive or solvent type.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Changes in temperature, UV radiation and insect activity cause additional damage. As a result, severely decayed wood artifacts are often full of losses, cracks and crevices of various shapes and sizes (Tolvaj et al , 2016; Fulcher, 2017). The filling of cultural heritage objects made of wood is the process by which missing parts are completed, and degraded parts can be replaced to protect them from continued damage (Unger et al , 2001; Cleary, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of wood gap fillers composed of microcrystalline cellulose, paper pulp, and glass microballoons

Montaser

Hadidi

Amin

2022

PRT

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Purpose This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of using filling materials that are used to fill gaps in wooden objects, and their response to changes in the surrounding environment to evaluate wood gap fillers and choose the best material. As a wide variety of materials, but most of them were unsuitable for filler mixtures. Specific materials were used, which can adapt to changes in wood size in response to changes in humidity. This research discusses the results of experiments that were conducted to determine how gap fillers composed of glass microballoons, microcrystalline cellulose and paper pulp fills are mixed with Klucel G, Paraloid B-72 and methyl cellulose as binders, and respond in various conditions. Design/methodology/approach It requires using several scientific and analytical techniques to provide a deeper understanding of filling materials characterization, dimensional stability, their shrinkage and study mechanical properties. Findings The analytical study of filling gaps in wooden objects with different filling materials allowed defining that the main drawbacks of the examined gap fillers were low water resistance, poor dimensional stability upon drying, or exposure to water vapor or liquid water, and fragility. Two types of gap fillers with high mechanical properties and pH values similar to those of wood were found to be appropriate for application on wooden archaeological artifacts. Originality/value The importance of the experimental study was to determine suitable filling materials and provide the basic characteristics of filling materials reversibility, workability, dimensional stability, lack of shrinkage, drying, ability to take color and be shaped, stability with aging, compatibility with wood in terms of behavior with changing humidity and non-toxicity. Also, strength properties or their likelihood to deform easily allowing changes in the shape of the wooden object during the movement of wood, either of which may be desirable in specific circumstances.

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Section: Dimensional Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of wood gap fillers composed of microcrystalline cellulose, paper pulp, and glass microballoons

Montaser

Hadidi

Amin

2022

PRT

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“…Among those, several types of commercially available materials are currently applied in our days [29][30][31][32][33][34]. Finally, in recent years, the use of biobased materials (such as keratin, cellulose or chitosan) was supported by several literature studies [35][36][37].…”

Section: Consolidants Used For Wooden Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

2020

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Vernacular buildings are usually constructed using materials at hand, including wood, natural stone and bricks (either clay or mud bricks). All those materials are exposed to a series of environmental factors, affecting their structure and integrity. The literature review was conducted using different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink) using as keywords the historical material, "heritage" and the terms regarding the desired effect, within the envisaged time period (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). The assessment of the results was performed by manual inspection (reading the entire article) and the selection of the works to be inserted in the current review was made by evaluating the contribution to the field. This review summarizes different aspects related to the restoration and conservation of wooden and masonry elements of traditional buildings, including materials used for biocidal interventions, protection against abiotic factors, cleaning and consolidation agents. Finally, a critical discussion regarding the current limitations and future perspectives concludes the review work, envisaging the role of researchers specialized in materials science in the context of cultural heritage conservation.

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“…87,88 The area integration between 67 and 58 ppm represented hemicellulose content and was increased in sample A (1.86), decreased in sample M (1. 19), and unchanged in sample L (1.78) compared to that in sample C (1.77) (Table S7). These results indicate that treatment with ALNPs prevented or slowed down hemicellulose degradation in waterlogged wood samples due to the generation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the abundant hydroxyl groups and −NH 2 from ALNPs and cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood cell wall.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Lignin Nanoparticles as Potential Conservation Materials for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

Zhang

Liu

Ke³

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Lignin is the most abundant component in archaeological waterlogged wood, making it a potential consolidant with high compatibility for historical wood conservation. However, its consolidation effect is limited by its low penetration into the wood. In this study, modified lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were proposed for the first time as conservation materials for waterlogged archaeological wood. Two modified LNPs were prepared with low molecular weight, small size, and high solubility in ethylene glycol (EG) for consolidating waterlogged wood samples. These nanoparticles, hydrophilic aminated LNPs (ALNPs) and hydrophobic esterified LNPs (MALNPs), greatly improved the consolidation effect of waterlogged wood samples compared to LNPs. This was demonstrated by measuring their physical properties, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties. The surface color change was almost within the acceptable range for the human eye. We also discussed two different reinforcement mechanisms of ALNPs and MALNPs. ALNPs can form hydrogen bonds with hemicellulose/cellulose in the wood to strengthen the fragile wood cell wall, while MALNPs can fill the wood cell lumen to support the cell wall and prevent deformation during drying. Our work provides an approach of using biomaterials as consolidants for archaeological waterlogged wood and expands the use of lignin in this field.

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An investigation of the use of cellulose-based materials to gap-fill wooden objects

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

Evaluation of wood gap fillers composed of microcrystalline cellulose, paper pulp, and glass microballoons

Evaluation of wood gap fillers composed of microcrystalline cellulose, paper pulp, and glass microballoons

Selected Aspects Regarding the Restoration/Conservation of Traditional Wood and Masonry Building Materials: A Short Overview of the Last Decade Findings

Modified Lignin Nanoparticles as Potential Conservation Materials for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood

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