An investigation of the tropospheric fine scale properties using radio, radar and direct methods

Mathematical and Physical Modelling of Microwave Scattering and Polarimetric Remote Sensing

“…The scattered power is a function of permittivity and turbulence fluctuations [Booker and Gordon, 1950], [Gjessing, 1969[Gjessing, , 1973 which depend on the meteorological changes in the atmosphere. Various models of the air properties (refractivity and turbulence) have been derived from theory [Tatarski, 1971], [Chernov, 1960], [Obukhov, 1953], [Gjessing, 1969], [Ishimaru, 1977].…”

“…Various models of the air properties (refractivity and turbulence) have been derived from theory [Tatarski, 1971], [Chernov, 1960], [Obukhov, 1953], [Gjessing, 1969], [Ishimaru, 1977]. In some cases, however, there have been discrepancies between these models and available meteorological measurements.…”

Modern Topics in Microwave Propagation and Air-Sea Interaction

“…But some promising attemps, nevertheless, have been made in this direction, as is shown, for example, by the procedure of the Norwegian radio-meteorologists [see Gjessing et al, 1969] • The continuous control of the atmosphere by means of remote sensing methods (vertical radar, lidar, sodar) might lead to better progress. Reflections or ducting are possible (situations with fading types C and D in our material, given in 10-20% of the time of the year).…”