An Investigation of the Possible Inverse Relationships between the Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Schizophrenia

Sn, Mohamed; Merskey, Harold; Казарян, С. М.; Tf, Disney

doi:10.1177/070674378202700505

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This allows the effect of schizophrenia to be studied in isolation. Five of these studies are based in individual psychiatric hospitals ‐ [Mohamed et al, ] Mohamed et al, ; [Ross et al, ]; [Pilkington, ]; [Oken & Schulzer, 1999] Ross et al, ). Two use record‐linkage methods [Baldwin, ]; [Osterberg, ] on international and Swedish populations respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis revisited: Genetic and epidemiological analyses

Euesden

Breen

Farmer

et al. 2015

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Epidemiological studies are inconsistent on the relationship between schizophrenia (SCZ) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several studies have shown that SCZ has a protective effect on RA, with RA occurring less frequently in SCZ cases than would be expected by chance, whilst other studies have failed to replicate this. We sought to test the hypothesis that this effect is due to a protective effect of SCZ risk alleles on RA onset. We first reviewed the literature on the comorbidity of RA and SCZ and performed a meta‐analysis. We then used polygenic risk scoring in an RA case control study in order to investigate the contribution of SCZ risk alleles to RA risk. Meta‐analysis across studies over the past half‐century showed that prevalence of RA in SCZ cases was significantly reduced (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.67, p < 0.0001). The relationship between SCZ genetic risk and RA status was weak. Polygenic risk of SCZ explained a small (0.1%) and non‐significant (p = 0.085) proportion of variance in RA case control status. This relationship was nominally positive, with RA cases carrying more SCZ risk alleles than controls. The current findings do not support the assertion that the relationship between RA and SCZ is explained by genetic factors, which appear to have little or no effect. The protective effect of SCZ on RA may be due to environmental factors, such as an anti‐inflammatory effect of anti‐psychotic medication or merely due to confounding limitations in study designs. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis revisited: Genetic and epidemiological analyses

Euesden

Breen

Farmer

et al. 2015

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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“…The finding was replicated more than a dozen times, and various explanations were offered, such as that neuroleptic medications had a protective effect; or that persons with schizophrenia were less likely to report pain; or that life as an inpatient was less physically active and thereby less prone to raising risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Each of these hypotheses was evaluated in studies with research designs that effectively discounted those explanations (Mellsop et al, 1974; Mohamed et al, 1982; Pilkington, 1955; Trevathan and Tatum, 1953). There have been several studies of genes, immune-related factors, and common infections which might explain the inverse association (de la Fontaine et al, 2006; Genevay et al, 2002; Hopkins et al, 1988; Taylor, 1978; Torrey and Yolken, 2001; Wright et al, 1998), including a compelling meta-analysis showing that the antagonist to the receptor of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1 was more prevalent in individuals with schizophrenia, thus protecting them from rheumatoid arthritis (Potvin et al, 2008).…”

Section: Autoimmunity and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling

Severance¹,

Yolken²,

Eaton

2016

Schizophrenia Research

208

149

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Autoimmunity, gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and schizophrenia have been associated with one another for a long time. This paper reviews these connections and provides a context by which multiple risk factors for schizophrenia may be related. Epidemiological studies strongly link schizophrenia with autoimmune disorders including enteropathic celiac disease. Exposure to wheat gluten and bovine milk casein also contribute to non-celiac food sensitivities in susceptible individuals. Co-morbid GI inflammation accompanies humoral immunity to food antigens, occurs early during the course of schizophrenia and appears to be independent from antipsychotic-generated motility effects. This inflammation impacts endothelial barrier permeability and can precipitate translocation of gut bacteria into systemic circulation. Infection by the neurotropic gut pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, will elicit an inflammatory GI environment. Such processes trigger innate immunity, including activation of complement C1q, which also functions at synapses in the brain. The emerging field of microbiome research lies at the center of these interactions with evidence that the abundance and diversity of resident gut microbiota contribute to digestion, inflammation, gut permeability and behavior. Dietary modifications of core bacterial compositions may explain inefficient gluten digestion and how immigrant status in certain situations is a risk factor for schizophrenia. Gut microbiome research in schizophrenia is in its infancy, but data in related fields suggest disease-associated altered phylogenetic compositions. In summary, this review surveys associative and experimental data linking autoimmunity, GI activity and schizophrenia, and proposes that understanding of disrupted biological pathways outside of the brain can lend valuable information regarding pathogeneses of complex, polygenic brain disorders.

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“…Numerous studies including several tens of thousands of patients were identified (7,18,85,(198)(199)(200)(201)(202)(203)(204)(205)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210)(211), the vast majority of which found a decreased frequency of rheumatoid arthritis among people with schizophrenia. Explanations may be of a genetic, environmental (institutionalization and sedentary lifestyle due to negative symptoms), pharmacological (analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of antipsychotic drugs) and biochemical (histo-imcompatibility factors) nature [for review see (212,213)].…”

Section: Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases (392 Medline Hits)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

Leucht

Burkard

Henderson³

et al. 2007

Acta Psychiatr Scand

560

358

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Sartorius N. Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature.Objective: The lifespan of people with schizophrenia is shortened compared to the general population. We reviewed the literature on comorbid physical diseases in schizophrenia to provide a basis for initiatives to fight this unacceptable situation. Method: We searched MEDLINE (1966( -May 2006 combining the MeSH term of schizophrenia with the 23 MeSH terms of general physical disease categories to identify relevant epidemiological studies. Results: A total of 44 202 abstracts were screened. People with schizophrenia have higher prevalences of HIV infection and hepatitis, osteoporosis, altered pain sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, obstetric complications, cardiovascular diseases, overweight, diabetes, dental problems, and polydipsia than the general population. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer may occur less frequently than in the general population. Eighty-six per cent of the studies came from industrialized countries limiting the generalizability of the findings. Conclusion: The increased frequency of physical diseases in schizophrenia might be on account of factors related to schizophrenia and its treatment, but undoubtedly also results from the unsatisfactory organization of health services, from the attitudes of medical doctors, and the social stigma ascribed to the schizophrenic patients. Summations• According to this review it has been known for decades that incidences physical diseases are frequent in schizophrenia. Nevertheless, some areas such as infectious diseases have not been sufficiently studied.• Psychiatrists are often not trained well enough in the detection and treatment of physical diseases.They must be aware of the frequent medical comorbidities and should play a more active role in their diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.• Other necessary strategies include the education of patients, general practitioners and of doctors working in other medical specialities. The access to medical care of the mentally ill also needs to be improved, among others, by reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. Considerations• The review covered a broad area of research accordingly, focusing attention to details has not been possible.• Despite the broad search strategy, studies not covered by MEDLINE or not indexed by the MeSH term of schizophrenia could have been missed. • Due to considerable differences in the design and quality of the studies in assorted and diverse areas, quantitative approaches using meta-analysis were not possible, but should be the target of future reviews focusing.

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An Investigation of the Possible Inverse Relationships between the Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Schizophrenia

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

The relationship between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis revisited: Genetic and epidemiological analyses

The relationship between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis revisited: Genetic and epidemiological analyses

Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

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