“…An analysis of the types of vocabulary measurement tasks in the studies published in the last 15 years revealed that the empirical studies mainly measured the effects of input enhancement on lexical form and meaning knowledge, with 15 studies measuring form recall, 14 studies measuring form recognition, 12 studies measuring meaning recall, and 7 studies measuring meaning recognition. And among these studies, nine measured form knowledge alone, and two measured meaning knowledge alone which were both gloss-related studies (Zuo, 2020;Shabani & Rahimy, 2020). There were three studies considering eye movement data (Choi, 2016;Jung et al, 2022;Puimѐge, 2023), which provided direct statistical support for the role of input enhancement in directing attention, while previously, the role of noticing was confirmed indirectly through vocabulary form test scores.…”