An Investigation of the Effect of Differing Filter Face Velocities on Particulate Mass Weight from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Guerrieri, David A.; Rao, V. Dharma; Caffrey, Peter J.

doi:10.4271/960253

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Filtration efficiency range of the Pallflex ® TX40HI20 filter has been reported to be 92.6-99.99 % for a particle diameter range 35-1000 nm (Willeke and Baron, 1993). Guerrieri et al (1996) investigated the effects of filter face velocity on particulate mass from heavy-duty diesel engines and suggested that for the range 40 to 100 cm/sec, filter face velocity should exhibit little, if any, influence on a collected particulate mass. During TPM sampling for this study, the flow rate was maintained in the recommended range.…”

Section: Gaseous Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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A continued increase in the use of diesel engines in light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles, and the uncertainties about the effects of their emissions on human health have focused attention on risk assessments of diesel engine exhaust. The characterization of diesel particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines and vehicles is the primary objective toward assessing potential health hazard with exposure to the diesel exhaust. The nature of particulate matter emissions from diesel engines is dependent on the engine type, engine conditions, fuel type, exhaust after-treatment process and other parameters. The results are also strongly dependent on the applied measurement technique. The effects of those parameters on the size-resolved DPM emissions were explored in detail. The study on sizeresolved chemical analysis of DPM from diesel engines and in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicles was performed with the goal of obtaining profiles of major DPM constituents. In addition, diesel exhaust was speciated with the purpose of establishing qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon profiles of diesel exhaust from heavyduty diesel engine/vehicles, and calculating its ozone forming potential. The effects of engine/vehicle operating conditions, fuel type, different after-treatment processes, and measurement process on the size-resolved PM emissions were examined by operating the test engines and vehicles under steady-state and transient conditions. The regional deposition of DPM in the human respiratory tract was assessed, for several cases, by applying a semi-empirical model developed by Köbritch et al. (1994) to the PM size distribution and concentration profiles that were generated in this study. The results of this analysis showed that lower PM mass emissions do not necessarily correspond to lower number count emissions and a reduced health hazard. In fact, the fractional deposition efficiency of DPM, on a count basis was higher in the case of using "cleaner" fuels than Federal diesel no. 2. The chemical analyses yielded distribution profiles of the major DPM constituents that were detected in the exhaust for selected steady-state and transient conditions. The sulfate, chloride, ammonium, potassium, sulfur and silicon distribution profiles were determined for range of engine operating conditions. Carbon analysis showed that organic carbon was the major constituent of the particulate matter collected on the MOUDI after-filters (cut-off diameter less that 56 nm) regardless of the engine operating conditions. Elemental carbon was the dominant constituent of the DPM collected on the stages VII through X, accounting for nearly 86.5 % of total carbon detected. The analyses indicate that sulfate and organic carbon were the major constituents of nanoparticles. The samples for study on hydrocarbon speciation were collected using custom designed sampling system. The system was used to collect particle bound HC on a pre-washed 70 mm Teflon coated glass fiber filters, semi-volatile HC on a PUF/XAD-...

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Section: Gaseous Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Bugarski¹

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“…Filtration efficiency for the Pallflex TX40H120WW was reported as 92.6-99.99% for particle diameter range of 35-1000 nm (Willeke and Baron, 1993). Guerrieri et al (1996) investigated filter face velocity effects on particulate mass from heavy-duty diesel engines and suggested that a filter face velocity range between 40 to 100 cm/sec would exhibit little, if any, influence on collected particulate mass. Flow rates were kept within the range of 35 to 45 cm/sec and dilution ratios were held very near a constant 12:1 ratio for this study.…”

Section: Sampling and Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

McMillian¹

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Further growth of diesel engines in the light-duty and heavy-duty vehicular markets is closely linked to the potential health risks of diesel exhaust. Cleaner burning fuels, such as those derived from natural gas via the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, offer a potentially economically viable alternative to standard diesel fuel. As part of this study, a two-liter, single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injected engine was instrumented for in-cylinder pressure measurements. The emissions and performance data from engine operation with Federal low sulfur No. 2 diesel fuel (DF) and natural gas derived FT fuel were compared. Also as part of the study, an investigation was carried out on the mutagenic characteristics of particulate matter (PM) derived from FT and DF fuel combustion by relating the in-vitro mutagenic activity of the particulate matter to engine operating conditions and particle size via the Ames Salmonella typhimurium bioassay (Maron and Ames, 1983). Particulate matter from two engine conditions were gathered using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI) for size selective mutagenic analysis. Results of the mutagenicity study indicate differences in the mutagenic response of the PM soluble organic fraction (SOF) of both Federal diesel No. 2 and FT fuel as functions of engine operating conditions, fuel type and particle size. The extracted solubles from particles of aerodynamic diameters greater than 100 nm were found to exhibit significantly greater mutagenic effect than their smaller counterparts (<100 nm) for both fuels. Results of the combustion and emission study revealed a general trend for lower emissions for FT fuel compared to DF fuel. NO x emissions correlated well with ignition delay and the amount of heat released in the premixed combustion phase. With the exception of two high load engine conditions, lower CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions were the general trend for FT fuel.

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An Evaluation of the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Method for Measuring Diesel Particulate Emissions

Kelly

Morgan

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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We determined the usefulness of tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOMs) for researchers and engineers involved with measuring diesel particulate mass. Two different test facilities were used for generating diesel particulates and comparing the TEOM to the commonly used U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) manual filter method. The EPA method is very labor-intensive and requires long periods of time to complete. The TEOM is an attractive approach because it has the potential to reduce the amount of time and labor required in diesel testing, as well as to provide real-time particulate-mass data that are not obtainable with the EPA method. It was found that the TEOM was a precise and easy-to-operate instrument that could measure the mass concentration (MC) of diesel particulate emissions in real time. Although the TEOM diesel particulate MC measurements were highly correlated with the manual filter measurements, the two techniques were not equivalent because the TEOM consistently reported MC results that were 20 -25% lower than those obtained using the manual filter technique. In conclusion, the TEOM can be used to increase test-cell throughput and to measure transient values of diesel particulate emissions at sites performing diesel-engine testing. However, unless EPA is able to certify the TEOM as an equivalent method, it cannot replace the manual filter method for diesel certification work.

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An Investigation of the Effect of Differing Filter Face Velocities on Particulate Mass Weight from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Characterization of particulate matter and hydrocarbon emissions from in-use heavy-duty diesel engines

Combustion analysis and particulate mutagenicity characterization for a single-cylinder diesel engine fueled by Fischer -Tropsch derived liquids

An Evaluation of the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Method for Measuring Diesel Particulate Emissions

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