An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography

Rossiter, Walter J.; Godette, McClure; Brown, Paul; Galuk, Kevin G.

doi:10.1016/0165-1633(85)90016-4

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Studies have been carried out to examine the effects of temperature (up to 101°C), presence of metals and aeration/deaeration on the degradation profile of propylene glycol. Lactate, formate and acetate anions have been noted as its degradation products, whose concentrations were found to increase with increase in temperature and in the presence of a metal under aerated conditions 16 . Additionally, glycerol degradation studies at elevated temperatures have indicated the production of acetaldehyde, acrolein, allyl alcohol and some un-identified products 17 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

Gupta

Brazier²,

Moyses

2015

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

Gupta

Brazier²,

Moyses

2015

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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“…Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize the formation of propargyl radicals from GL under these conditions. In addition, research carried out by Rossiter et al (1985) states that aqueous GL and PG generate acidic degradation products by thermal oxidation leading to a pH decrease in aqueous solutions.…”

Section: Scheme 10 Formation Of Benzene From Vinyl Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of Electronic Cigarette Chemistry: 1. Formation Pathways for Degradation Products using Isotopic Labeling; and 2. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Nicotine and Flavor Related Chemicals in Electronic Cigarette Fluids

Kim¹

2000

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Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is rapidly growing around the world. Ecigarettes are commonly used as an alternative nicotine delivery system, and have been advocated as generating lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. Cigarette smoke-like aerosols are generated when e-cigarettes heat e-liquids.The main components of e-cigarette liquids are propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL) in a varying ratio, plus nicotine and flavor chemicals. Both PG and GL are considered safe to ingest in foods and beverages, but the toxicity of these chemicals in aerosols is unknown. Current studies of e-cigarettes have mainly focused on dehydration and oxidation products of PG and GL. In this study, the other degradation products that can be generated during the vaping process are discussed. In addition, the gas/particle partitioning of chemicals in vaping aerosols is determined.This work finds that the formation of benzene in electronic cigarettes depends on the wattage, types of coils, and devices. To simulate commerical e-cigarette liquids, mixtures containing equal parts of PG and GL by volume were made with the following added components: benzoic acid (BA), benzoic acid with nicotine (Nic), benzaldehyde (BZ), band enzaldehyde with nicotine. PG only, GL only, and PG and GL mixtures were also made for comparison. The data presented here demonstrate that more benzene is generated as the wattage of a device increases. The results also seem to support the importance of ventilation in the generation of benzene. More benzene is generated from the mixtures containing benzoic acid when using the EVOD device with a smaller vent.ii However, benzaldehyde yields more benzene when using the Subtank Nano device with a larger vent. Findings also indicate that more benzene is produced from GL rather than PG.This thesis also addresses the chemical formation pathways of degradation compounds found in the aerosols formed from isotopically labeled e-cigarette liquids. Mixtures of both 13 C-labeled and unlabeled PG as well as GL were made. The mixtures were vaped and gas-phase samples were collected to determine which chemicals were in the gasphase portion of the aerosols. With the use of GC/MS methods, these isotopic labeling experiments provided evidence that the majority of the benzene, acetaldehyde, 2,3butanedione, toluene, xylene, acrolein, and furan found in e-cigarette aerosols originates from GL in the PG plus GL mixtures. It was also shown that the majority of propanal is derived from PG: while hydroxyacetone can be formed from both PG and GL. Possible mechanisms for the formation of acetaldehyde, benzene, 2,3-butanedione, toluene, and xylene formation are proposed.Last, this study investigated the gas/particle partitioning of nicotine and flavor-related chemicals in e-cigarette fluids. The gas/particle partitioning behavior of chemicals in ecigarettes fluids is highly dependent on the chemical volatility. A total of 37 compounds were examined. The target compounds were divided into 3 groups based ...

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“…Furthermore, industrial N 2 gas, comprising ≤5.0‐mol% O 2 , poses a contamination source to the MEG solution if used for storage vessel blanketing . Brown et al and Rossiter et al claimed that when MEG is exposed to thermal oxidation conditions, its chemical structure degrades to form organic acids such as formic, glycolic, oxalic, carbonic, and acetic acids. The presence of these acids leads to a reduction in the pH of the MEG solution and efficiency of gas hydrate inhibition and also affects the color stability, CO 2 solubility, and viscosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of erythorbic acid as an oxygen scavenger in salted fresh and degraded monoethylene glycol under a magnetic memory effect

Helal

Iglauer

Gubner

et al. 2019

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Studies show that erythorbic acid is an effective oxygen scavenger in the food industry, thereby suggesting its potential for use in monoethylene glycol (MEG) regeneration systems. However, its performance under magnetic memory effects has not been studied. This study was conducted with 85-vol.% fresh MEG (F-MEG) and degraded MEG (D-MEG) solutions, preadjusted to pH 9.0 and pretreated with a magnetic field (MF). Two oxygen concentrations,~7,000 and~1,000 ppb, high-salinity concentrations (HF-MEG and HD-MEG), and organic acids were also employed. The applied MF strength, generated by a cylindrical permanent magnet, was~0.65 T.The erythorbic acid scavenging performance was enhanced upon exposure of the HF-MEG solutions to an MF. Conversely, the magnetized salt-free D-MEG solutions displayed a lower scavenging performance than the nonmagnetized solutions: Oxygen removal was more effective in the D-MEG solutions than in the HF-MEG solutions, regardless of magnetization, due to formic acid formation during the thermal oxidization process. Furthermore, the magnetized HF-MEG solutions exhibited a progressive increase in pH over time, whereas the nonexposed and D-MEG solutions presented different responses. Iron ions, acting as metal catalysts, also affected the oxygen scavenging performance in the D-MEG tests. The results suggest that the erythorbic acid scavenging performance can be improved by promoting the forward reaction using an MF. In addition, in the presence of erythorbic acid and only under specific conditions, formic acid can be used as secondary oxygen scavenger in oil and gas industry. Stable alkaline conditions are also necessary to achieve better scavenging performance. These results can be attributed to the influence of the MF on the spin state mechanism, given that the electron spin dynamics are affected by the Zeeman effect.

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An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography

Cited by 63 publications

References 2 publications

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

Investigations of Electronic Cigarette Chemistry: 1. Formation Pathways for Degradation Products using Isotopic Labeling; and 2. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Nicotine and Flavor Related Chemicals in Electronic Cigarette Fluids

Performance of erythorbic acid as an oxygen scavenger in salted fresh and degraded monoethylene glycol under a magnetic memory effect

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An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography

Cited by 63 publications

References 2 publications

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke® Inhaler

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke® Inhaler

Investigations of Electronic Cigarette Chemistry: 1. Formation Pathways for Degradation Products using Isotopic Labeling; and 2. Gas/Particle Partitioning of Nicotine and Flavor Related Chemicals in Electronic Cigarette Fluids

Performance of erythorbic acid as an oxygen scavenger in salted fresh and degraded monoethylene glycol under a magnetic memory effect

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No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler

No Quantifiable Carbonyls, Including Formaldehyde, Detected in Voke^® Inhaler