An Investigation of Habitual Dietary Supplement Use Among 557 NCAA Division I Athletes

Barrack, Michelle T.; Muster, Mark; Nguyễn, Jennifer; Rafferty, Ann P.; Lisagor, Terri

doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1713247

Cited by 17 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Evidence shows that BMI could also be considered as a modulator of supplement intake in athletes [ 65 ], unlike the present findings where no significant association between BMI and the type of supplement intake was observed in either male or female runners. A higher prevalence of supplement intake was previously reported by overweight athletes compared to the under-weights and normal-weights [ 65 ], which might be justified by the higher lean body mass and nutritional needs of athletes competing in strength/power sports. In the present study, remarkable sex-based differences were found in the prevalence of supplement intake in underweight and overweight subgroups ( Table 2 ).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…In line with the present findings, most available studies indicated no general difference between male and female athletes in the number of supplement intakes [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. However, limited and inconsistent evidence showed a significantly greater prevalence of supplement intake in male athletes than their female counterparts [ 65 , 66 ], or conversely, a markedly higher prevalence of supplement intake in female athletes [ 48 , 67 ]. In addition to the potential effects of sociodemographic factors, such sex differences reported inconsistently by studies seem to be associated with the type of supplements or the characteristics of different kinds of sports.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, evidence indicates that females in track and field [ 48 ] and males in strength sports [ 68 ] use more supplements compared to their counterparts of the opposite sex. Additionally, evidence shows that despite no overall sex-based difference in the amount of supplement intake [ 62 ], male athletes were more likely to consume protein and ergogenic supplements associated with maintaining and improving muscle mass/strength, and female athletes were most likely to consume micronutrient supplements, which are typically considered health-related supplements [ 62 , 63 , 65 , 66 , 69 ]. This general sex-based difference in the type of supplement intake could be associated with either the greater training volume of male than female runners [ 67 ] or the different sex-based intrinsic causes to use dietary supplements; males reported the gain of muscle mass and strength/power as a higher priority than health or meeting dietary guidelines and females mentioned health as their first priority for consuming dietary supplements [ 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2021

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It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

et al. 2021

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“…The results included a negative correlation between energy drink use and nutrition knowledge, and also between energy drink use and GPA [ 31 ]. Barrack et al found that nearly half of a group of 557 NCAA DI athletes reported habitual supplement use [ 32 ]. It is estimated that 12–58% of all dietary supplements marketed for sport and exercise performance may contain ingredients prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) which may lead to halted sport participation [ 38 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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In the last decade, the number of full-time registered dietitians (RDs) serving intercollegiate athletes in the United States has more than quadrupled. However, many student athletes may be at increased risk of nutrition-related problems that impact physical and academic performance, which include inadequate macronutrients, inadequate micronutrients, and excessive macronutrients. This narrative review reports the current literature to date on nutrition-related knowledge in collegiate athletes and the impact of sports RDs on student athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors. To date, only observational and quasi-experimental studies have been published with regard to changes in nutrition knowledge and behaviors in NCAA athletes. While these studies report benefits of the RD as a member of the interdisciplinary student athlete support team, more well-designed randomized control trials are warranted to determine benefits related to health outcomes and sport-specific performance outcomes.

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“…Survey questions evaluating use of dietary supplements and sport foods were adapted from surveys used to assess supplement and sport food use in collegiate athletes. 14,26 Similar survey questions, evaluating supplement use in collegiate athletes exhibited testeretest reliability and face validity, as evaluated by a researcher or sports registered dietitian nutritionist. 18,26 A subset of the analysis addressed use of higher-risk supplements, including preworkout, caffeine-containing, mass-building, weight loss, or those containing herb or botanical ingredients.…”

Section: Research Snapshotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Supplement Intake and Factors Associated with Increased Use in Preadolescent Endurance Runners

Barrack¹,

Sassone²,

Dizon³

et al. 2022

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

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Background The prevalence of dietary supplement intake among preadolescent endurance runners is currently unknown.Objective Our aim was to describe use of dietary supplements, higher-risk supplements, and sport foods among preadolescent endurance athletes and identify associated characteristics of dietary supplement users in this population.Design This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Participants/setting Participants were 2,113 preadolescent endurance runners (male: n ¼ 1,255, female: n ¼ 858; mean age AE standard deviation ¼ 13.2 AE 0.9 years).Main outcome measures Use of dietary supplements, higher-risk dietary supplements, and sport foods on 2 or more days per week during the past year. Statistical analyses performedMann-Whitney U tests, c 2 tests, univariate and multivariate analyses.Results Twenty-six percent (n ¼ 551) of preadolescent runners used dietary supplements on 2 or more days per week during the past year; 1.3% (n ¼ 27) reported taking higher-risk supplements. Compared with male runners, female runners reported higher use of 1 or more supplements (32.5% vs 21.7%; P < .001) and 4 or more supplements (4.0% vs 1.9%; P ¼ 0.005), multivitamin/minerals (24.2% vs 14.4%; P < .001), vitamin D (12.4% vs 5.6%; P < .001), calcium (8.9% vs 4.8%; P < .001), iron (3.1 vs 1.1%; P < .001), probiotic supplements (8.2% vs 1.3%; P < .001), and diet pills (0.5% vs 0.0%; P ¼ .02). Male runners reported higher use of creatine (1.3% vs 0.0%; P < .001) and sport foods, including protein bars and drinks (19.5% vs 8.4%; P < .001), energy bars (23.5% vs 9.7%; P < .001), and carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks (27.9% vs 13.3%; P < .001) than female runners. Factors independently associated with a higher likelihood for dietary supplement use included weight loss in the past year, female (vs male) gender, following a vegetarian diet, skipping meals, attempting to gain weight, and history of a runningrelated bone stress injury.Conclusions More than one-quarter of preadolescent runners regularly consumed dietary supplements. Behaviors consistent with dietary restriction and history of bone stress injury were associated with higher likelihood for supplement use. Further work to understand supplement use patterns and potential value for nutrition education is advised to optimize health of preadolescent runners.

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An Investigation of Habitual Dietary Supplement Use Among 557 NCAA Division I Athletes

Cited by 17 publications

References 29 publications

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in the United States and the Impact of Sports Dietitians on Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Dietary Supplement Intake and Factors Associated with Increased Use in Preadolescent Endurance Runners

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