An investigation of ‘functional’ somatic symptoms among patients attending hospital medical clinics in Pakistan—I. Characteristics of ‘non-organic’ patients

Mumford, David B.; Tareen, Irum; Bajwa, M.A.Z.; Bhatti, Muhammad Riaz; Pervaiz, T.; Ayub, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90078-3

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Discussion of the existence, or otherwise, of somatisation in South Asian communities has been ongoing in a range of disciplines including psychiatry (Leff 1988, Mumford et al 1991, Williams et al 1997) and significant interest in the area has tended to contextualise the approximation of low rates of mental disorder with the notion of the ‘primitiveness’ of such societies. It has commonly been suggested in the literature that women from South Asian communities somatise their feelings of depression because they have difficulty in expressing distress in psychological terms (Ineichen 1990, Beliappa 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach

Burr

Chapman

2004

Sociology Health & Illness

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The aim of this paper is to present an interpretation of the accounts of depression provided by women from South Asian communities. The paper presents the findings from a qualitative study, conducted in the UK, which explored women from South Asian communities and their experiences of depression. It is argued here, through examples of women's accounts of their experiences, that depression is 'embodied', that is, grounded in the materiality of the body which is also immersed in subjective experiences and in the social context of women's lives. Qualitative data were collected from four focus groups and ten individual interviews with women. The analysis involved a discursive approach.Analysis revealed how women made strategic choices in how they presented their symptoms as legitimate and for gaining access to what they perceived to be appropriate healthcare. This is not to argue that this is a culturally specific phenomenon but one which is a feature of all healthcare negotiations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach

Burr

Chapman

2004

Sociology Health & Illness

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“…The sensitivity and specificity rates and the positive predictive value of the BSI corresponded closely to those of the HAD [19]. Similarly, in a large validation study comprising 600 medical out-patients, the BSI was successfully used to discriminate 'non-organic' (psychiatric) from the 'organic' (non-psychiatric) group of somatic symptoms [19,23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Both the BSI-21 and BSI-15 include symptoms from the head, abdomen, chest and heart, and skeletal muscles. Since the somatic symptoms reported by psychiatric patients are likely to be more chronic than symptoms of many physical illnesses [23], a duration-weighted scoring system has been adopted to score the BSI items. The symptoms reported for more than 15 days are scored as 2 while those reported for less than 15 days are scored as 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychiatric Morbidity among Medical Out-Patients in Kuwait: Evaluation of a Somatic Inventory to Identify the Psychiatric from the Non-Psychiatric Patients

Zahid

Motaal²,

Razik³

2001

Med Princ Pract

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI), a 21-item questionnaire, to identify psychiatric patients attending a general hospital medical clinic in Kuwait. Methods: The sample consisted of 100 new general hospital medical out-patient clinic attendees. All patients were administered the BSI, and their psychiatric status was established by administration of the Present State Examination. All the patients who met the criteria of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), were grouped as ‘psychiatric’ while the remaining subjects were regarded as ‘non-psychiatric’ patients. The frequency of endorsement and the total BSI scores were computed to determine sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of the BSI. Results: Fifty-one of the psychiatric patients met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. The psychiatric group reported a significantly higher number of BSI symptoms and had a significantly higher mean BSI total score than the non-psychiatric patients. Using a cut-off score of 13/14, the BSI-21 yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.5% and a specificity rate of 73.47%. Evaluation of a shorter version, the BSI-15, comprising the most frequently endorsed items by the psychiatric patients, revealed similar results. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the BSI-21 is a potentially useful screening instrument to identify psychiatric patients attending general medical out-patient clinics. The shorter version, BSI-15, is easier to administer and equally effective in discriminating the psychiatric from the non-psychiatric group of medical patients.

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“…While th e relationships a mong somatization, depression, a nd a nx iety have not receiv ed wid espread research a tten tion in Paki stan, on e st udy found th at as many as one -t hird of a sa m ple of Paki st ani immigr ants a tte nd ing me d ica l clinics in Great Bri t ain show so me degree of psych iat ric distu rban ce (9) . Alt ho ugh th e BSI do es not di a gn ose psychi a tric dis o rd e rs , it is helpful in ide nt ifying pat ients with so mat ic sym p to ms .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We se lecte d th e LSI because it was ada pte d from th e Br adford Som a tic Inve ntory (BSI) which was spe cifica lly norm ed on Paki st ani pati ents, as well as Brit ish pati ents, a nd ha s been shown succe ssfully to assess 90% of somatic sym ptoms in th ese gr oups (3). This inv entory is a 21-item se lf-ra te d sca le adapte d fro m t he 46-it em BSI (3,8,9). It wa s originally based on th e au th or s' syste m a tic search of ca se not es for sympto ms in Pakistan and Great Britain, a nd was fu rt he r test ed agains t cas e not es of psych iatric patients from othe r parts of th e Indo-Pak subco n tin en t. The BSI was conceived bilingually in Urdu, th e native language of Paki stan, a nd in English.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Somatization of Depression in Native Pakistani Women

Mian¹,

Grossman²

1998

JJP

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An investigation of ‘functional’ somatic symptoms among patients attending hospital medical clinics in Pakistan—I. Characteristics of ‘non-organic’ patients

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach

Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach

Psychiatric Morbidity among Medical Out-Patients in Kuwait: Evaluation of a Somatic Inventory to Identify the Psychiatric from the Non-Psychiatric Patients

The Somatization of Depression in Native Pakistani Women

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