An investigation of endocytosis of targeted nanoparticles in a shear flow by a statistical approach

Mathematical model for force and energy of virion-cell interactions during full engulfment in HIV: Impact of virion maturation and host cell morphology

“…The current model includes a simplified adhesion energy equation that assumes uniform ligands distribution and a high density of immobile cell receptors. Unlike existing models (Zhdanov 2013 , 2015 ; Bai et al 2018 ; Gao et al 2005 ; Yi and Gao 2017 ), the model does not consider receptor diffusion and other entropic or enthalpic contributions. These could be included in future, along with different virion shapes like icosahedral (Katzengold et al 2016 ), ellipsoid (Dasgupta et al 2014 ), or oblate virions.…”

Understanding nano-engineered particle–cell interactions: biological insights from mathematical models

“…To investigate the insight obtained about particle-cell interaction and internalisation via mathematical approaches, we first consider compartmental models of particle-cell interactions and particle internalisation. Compartmental models are relatively commonly employed to describe the internalisation process 22,42,[45][46][47][49][50][51]74 , and have been widely used to describe the related process of the binding and internalisation of molecules 68 . A schematic of the processes considered in compartmental models is presented in Fig.…”

“…Bai et al 46,77 also consider a model where particles can bind to multiple receptors. However, in contrast with previous models where the particles are assumed to be in a static fluid, the model presented by Bai et al 46,77 considers particles that are immersed in a flowing fluid.…”

“…Bai et al 46,77 also consider a model where particles can bind to multiple receptors. However, in contrast with previous models where the particles are assumed to be in a static fluid, the model presented by Bai et al 46,77 considers particles that are immersed in a flowing fluid. The authors find that the shear rate is less important in determining the number of particles internalised than the rate of ligand-receptor bond formation and rupture, as the formation and rupture rates are not significantly influenced by the rate of shear flow.…”

Virology from the perspective of theoretical colloid and interface science

“…The models focused on various aspects of viral endocytosis are now numerous (e.g. recent articles [ 34• , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] and references therein).…”