An Investigation into the Direct Fluorination Kinetics of Polymeric Membranes

Surface modification of polymers by direct fluorination: A convenient approach to improve commercial properties of polymeric articles

“…To study the kinetics of formation of the fluorinated layer on the surface of both optically transparent and deposited onto nontransparent supports "in situ" (i.e., the fluorination was not interrupted to carry out a single measurement of δ F ), an original nondestructive method was developed by our research group [2,4,6,7,16,20,36,37]. Such a method can be applied when δ F ≥ 0.1-0.12 µm.…”

Modification of surface properties of carbon-based and polymeric materials through fluorination routes: From fundamental research to industrial applications

“…The following standard methods were used: Fourier IR spectroscopy, spectroscopy in the visible and near UV region of spectra, refractometry, electron microscopy, gas-chromatographic and volumetric measurement of transport properties of polymer membranes, measurement of the surface energy and permeation rate of petrol through polymer films. Two original interference methods were developed to study the growth kinetics of the fluorinated layer ''in situ'' and density of fluorinated thin polymer layers (over 0.5-10 mm) [11,[20][21][22][23][24].…”

Direct fluorination—Useful tool to enhance commercial properties of polymer articles

“…For thinner layers, such a situation was not observed. A laser interference method [13,43,[45][46][47] allowed the estimation of the dependence of the upper limit of the thickness, d b , of transition layer between fluorinated and untreated polymer layers:d b < 0:01 d F ðfluorinated PETÞ; d b < 0:03d F ðfluorinated PIÞ and d b < 0:004 d F ðfluorinated PSÞ:…”

“…34,000 and 234,000, Aldrich), polyvinyltrimethylsilane (PVTMS) (m.w. 10 6 , Russia), PMMA (produced by gamma-initiated polymerization, Russia), poly(4-methyl-pentene-1), polyimide (PI) Matrimid 5218 1 (CIBA-GEYGI), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (density 0.918 and 0.926 g cm À3 , Aldrich), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) (industrially available with density 0.945, 0.947, 0.948, 0.946 and 0.949 g cm À3 ; first three without carbon black and latter two containing carbon black; and one from Aldrich with density 9.50 g cm À3 ), polysulfone UDel 3500, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polycarbonatesiloxane (Carbosil 1 , Russia), polysulphone-polybuthadiene block-copolymers of different composition (Seragel 1 ) (Russia), PVF (Fluorochem Limited, Derbyshire, UK) and PVDF (Scientific Polymer Products Inc., Ontario, Canada) [12][13][14][15]17,19,20,23,32,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”