“…Over the last five decades, weed control technology development has focused primarily on herbicides; however, evaluation of alternative weed control technologies has continued, albeit at a relatively slower pace. Many novel thermal technologies have been identified as potential alternatives to herbicides, including targeted lasers (Coleman et al 2021;Couch and Gangstad 1974;Mathiassen et al 2006), electrical discharge (Armyanov et al 2000;Diprose and Benson 1984), and microwaves (Brodie et al 2012;Sartorato et al 2006), as reviewed in Bauer et al (2020). Compared with herbicides, the use of these alternatives as whole-field treatments in large-scale cropping systems has not been viable given the intensive resource demands (energy, labor, and time).…”