An investigation into axial impacts of the cervical spine using digital image correlation

Holsgrove, T P; Cazzola, Dario; Preatoni, Ezio; Trewartha, Grant; Miles, A W; Gill, H. S.; Gheduzzi, S

doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2015.04.005

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A mass of

falling from a height of

impacted the cranial loading platform. Under these conditions the mass was accelerated to a maximum velocity of

−1 , hence delivering a blow of

, thereby resulting in energy levels similar to those reported for collisions arising from rugby [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The dynamic experiment samples were mounted on an impact cage equipped with two load cells, one placed at the cranial and one at the caudal end of the specimen [ 41 ]; in this set-up the caudal end of the VB was fully constrained and only vertical axial displacement was allowed at the cranial side. A mass of

falling from a height of

impacted the cranial loading platform.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Modelling Methodology Which Predicts the Structural Behaviour of Vertebral Bodies under Axial Impact Loading: A Finite Element and DIC Study

2020

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Cervical spine injuries (CSIs) arising from collisions are uncommon in contact sports, such as rugby union, but their consequences can be devastating. Several FE modelling approaches are available in the literature, but a fully calibrated and validated FE modelling framework for cervical spines under compressive dynamic-impact loading is still lacking and material properties are not adequately calibrated for such events. This study aimed to develop and validate a methodology for specimen-specific FE modelling of vertebral bodies under impact loading. Thirty-five (n = 35) individual vertebral bodies (VBs) were dissected from porcine spine segments, potted in bone cement and μCT scanned. A speckle pattern was applied to the anterior faces of the bones to allow digital image correlation (DIC), which monitored the surface displacements. Twenty-seven (n = 27) VBs were quasi-statically compressively tested to a load up to 10 kN from the cranial side. Specimen-specific FE models were developed for fourteen (n = 14) of the samples in this group. The material properties were optimised based on the experimental load-displacement data using a specimen-specific factor (kGSstatic) to calibrate a density to Young’s modulus relationship. The average calibration factor arising from this group was calculated (K¯GSstatic) and applied to a control group of thirteen (n = 13) samples. The resulting VB stiffnesses was compared to experimental findings. The final eight (n = 8) VBs were subjected to an impact load applied via a falling mass of 7.4kg at a velocity of 3.1ms−1. Surface displacements and strains were acquired from the anterior VB surface via DIC, and the impact load was monitored with two load cells. Specimen-specific FE models were created for this dynamic group and material properties were assigned again based on the density–Young’s modulus relationship previously validated for static experiments, supplemented with an additional factor (KGSdynamic). The optimised conversion factor for quasi-static loading, K¯GSstatic, had an average of 0.033. Using this factor, the validation models presented an average numerical stiffness value 3.72% greater than the experimental one. From the dynamic loading experiments, the value for KGSdynamic was found to be 0.14, 4.2 times greater than K¯GSstatic. The average numerical stiffness was 2.3% greater than in the experiments. Almost all models presented similar stiffness variations and regions of maximum displacement to those observed via DIC. The developed FE modelling methodology allowed the creation of models which predicted both static and dynamic behaviour of VBs. Deformation patterns on the VB surfaces were acquired from the FE models and compared to DIC data, achieving high agreement. This methodology is now validated to be fully applied to create whole cervical spine models to simulate axial impact scenarios replicating rugby collision events.

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“…A mass of

falling from a height of

impacted the cranial loading platform. Under these conditions the mass was accelerated to a maximum velocity of

−1 , hence delivering a blow of

, thereby resulting in energy levels similar to those reported for collisions arising from rugby [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 75%

falling from a height of

impacted the cranial loading platform.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Modelling Methodology Which Predicts the Structural Behaviour of Vertebral Bodies under Axial Impact Loading: A Finite Element and DIC Study

2020

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“…A larger preload, more representative of that experienced in-vivo, does stiffen the cervical spine specimen prior to impact compared to specimens impacted without a preload/follower-load [33]. The higher preload [33, 35] together with the impulsive loading would support the significantly higher compressive stiffness increase compared to damping of the intervertebral discs that was estimated. This was supported by the sensitivity analysis where lower axial stiffness values resulted in higher tracking errors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Motion capture tracking clusters were placed posteriorly to each transverse process of the C3, C4 and C5 vertebrae (Fig 1) and rigidly secured to the bony segments by means of a self-tapping screw. The specimen was mounted in a impactor [35] and was preloaded with 152 N via two constant force springs (51 N bilateral to the specimen) and the weight of the impact plate (50 N cranial to the specimen) [33, 35]. The experimental configuration constrained C2 to one DoF (axial translation) and C6 to zero DoF.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Musculoskeletal modelling of the human cervical spine for the investigation of injury mechanisms during axial impacts

et al. 2019

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Head collisions in sport can result in catastrophic injuries to the cervical spine. Musculoskeletal modelling can help analyse the relationship between motion, external forces and internal loads that lead to injury. However, impact specific musculoskeletal models are lacking as current viscoelastic values used to describe cervical spine joint dynamics have been obtained from unrepresentative quasi-static or static experiments. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a cervical spine musculoskeletal model for use in axial impacts. Cervical spine specimens (C2-C6) were tested under measured sub-catastrophic loads and the resulting 3D motion of the vertebrae was measured. Specimen specific musculoskeletal models were then created and used to estimate the axial and shear viscoelastic (stiffness and damping) properties of the joints through an optimisation algorithm that minimised tracking errors between measured and simulated kinematics. A five-fold cross validation and a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis were conducted to assess the performance of the newly estimated parameters. The impact-specific parameters were integrated in a population specific musculoskeletal model and used to assess cervical spine loads measured from Rugby union impacts compared to available models. Results of the optimisation showed a larger increase of axial joint stiffness compared to axial damping and shear viscoelastic parameters for all models. The sensitivity analysis revealed that lower values of axial stiffness and shear damping reduced the models performance considerably compared to other degrees of freedom. The impact-specific parameters integrated in the population specific model estimated more appropriate joint displacements for axial head impacts compared to available models and are therefore more suited for injury mechanism analysis.

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Rugby

Parker¹,

Angadi²

2021

Specific Sports-Related Injuries

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An investigation into axial impacts of the cervical spine using digital image correlation

Abstract: This study has provided an unprecedented insight into the injury mechanisms of the cervical spine during impact loading. The posture represents a key factor in injury initiation, with lordosis of the spine increasing the likelihood of injury.

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

A Novel Modelling Methodology Which Predicts the Structural Behaviour of Vertebral Bodies under Axial Impact Loading: A Finite Element and DIC Study

A Novel Modelling Methodology Which Predicts the Structural Behaviour of Vertebral Bodies under Axial Impact Loading: A Finite Element and DIC Study

Musculoskeletal modelling of the human cervical spine for the investigation of injury mechanisms during axial impacts

Rugby

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