An Introduction to the Structural Organization of Parasitic Protozoa

Souza, Wanderley de

doi:10.2174/138161208784041123

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…The uptake of macromolecules by promastigotes occurs through the flagellar pocket, which is an invagination of the plasma membrane, devoid of microtubules. This region is the only place where exocytic and endocytic activity occurs [30]. In promastigotes submitted to drug and/or plant extracts treatments, this increased exocytic activity probably occurs to expel the toxic compound [18, 31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vitro biological action of aqueous extract from roots of Physalis angulata against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

Silva

Rodrigues

et al. 2015

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundLeishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by various species of the protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus and transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. The protozoa multiply in phagocytic cells, mainly macrophages, which play an important role defending the organism from pathogens. The most effective treatment for leishmaniasis is the chemotherapy and besides the high cost, these drugs are toxic and require a long period of treatment. Currently, some herbal products are considered an important alternative source of a new leishmanicidal agent, which includes the plant Physalis angulata, . We evaluated effects of an aqueous extract from roots of Physalis angulata (AEPa) on Leishmania proliferation, morphology and also determined whether physalins were present in the extract contributing to the knowledge of its pharmacological efficacy.MethodsMorphological alterations were determined by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Host cell viability was evaluated by MTT, and propidium iodide. AEPa were submitted in full HRESITOF analysis.ResultsAEPa promoted a dose-dependent reduction on promastigotes (IC50 = 39.5 μg/mL ± 5.1) and amastigotes (IC50 = 43.4 μg/mL ± 10.1) growth. This growth inhibition was associated with several morphological alterations observed in promastigote forms. No cytotoxic effect in mammalian cells was detected (IC50 > 4000 μg/mL). Furthemore, the presence of physalins A, B, D, E, F, G and H were described, for the first time, in the P. angulata root.ConclusionsResults demonstrate that AEPa effectively promotes antileishmanial activity with several important morphological alterations and has no cytotoxic effects on host cells.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0717-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors, using plant products, demonstrated similar kinetoplast alterations [18, 34]. The kinetoplast is a unique organelle present only in trypanosomatid protozoa and is, thus, a potential drug target due to its unique structure and function, which is matched in its mammalian host [24, 30, 35]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro biological action of aqueous extract from roots of Physalis angulata against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

Silva

Rodrigues

et al. 2015

BMC Complement Altern Med

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“…Well-known merozoite antigens are the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) and merozoite surface proteins (MSPs)[3]. These antigens are involved in erythrocyte invasion[4,5] and are important vaccine candidates[6]. Variant surface antigens (VSAs) are important targets of protective immunity[7], but are also responsible for parasite evasion of the immune system by means of clonal antigenic variation [8-10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of Plasmodium falciparum humeral immunity with HIV-1 immunosuppression and treatment efficacy in Zambia

Geertruyden

Eijk

Yosaatmadja

et al. 2009

Malar J

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BackgroundHIV-1 infection affects malaria humeral immunity during pregnancy, but data for non-pregnant adults are lacking. This study reports the impact of HIV-1 infection and other variables on the level of malaria humeral immunity in adults with clinical malaria and whether humeral immune suppression was a risk factor for treatment failure.MethodsSera of 224 HIV-1 infected and 115 uninfected adults were compared for IgG to merozoite antigens AMA-1 and MSP2 (3D7 and FC27 types) determined by ELISA, and for IgG to the Variant Surface Antigens (VSA) of three different parasite line E8B, A4 and HCD6 determined by flow cytometry.ResultsCompared to HIV-1 uninfected adults, AMA-1 IgG was lower in HIV-1 infected (P = 0.02) and associated with low CD4 count AMA-1 IgG (P = 0.003). Low IgG to all three merozoite antigens was associated with less anemia (P = 0.03). High parasite load was associated with low MSP2 IgG 3D7 and FC27 types (P = 0.02 and P = 0.08). Antibody levels to VSA did not differ between HIV-1 infected and uninfected adults. However, low VSA IgGs were associated with high parasite load (P ≤ 0.002 for each parasite line) and with treatment failure (P ≤ 0.04 for each parasite line).ConclusionHIV-1 affects humeral responses to AMA-1, but seems to marginally or not affect humeral responses to other merozoite antigens and VSAs. The latter were important for controlling parasite density and predict treatment outcome.

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“…In those species that switch from vertebrate to invertebrate hosts, this and other changes may be dramatic, involving the appearance of developmental stages which do not divide and stages which are highly infective through a process generally described as protozoan differentiation or transformation [1, 2]. Among the trypanosomatids, T. cruzi presents one of the most complex life cycles involving several developmental stages found in the vertebrate and the invertebrate hosts as well as in the bloodstream and within vertebrate host cells Figure 1 …”

Section: Introduction To T Cruzi and Its Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Review onTrypanosoma cruzi: Host Cell Interaction

Souza

Carvalho

Barrias

2010

International Journal of Cell Biology

204

171

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Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease, which affects a large number of individuals in Central and South America, is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by blood-sucking insects. This protozoan is an obligate intracellular parasite. The infective forms of the parasite are metacyclic and bloodstream trypomastigote and amastigote. Metacyclic trypomastigotes are released with the feces of the insect while amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes are released from the infected host cells of the vertebrate host after a complex intracellular life cycle. The recognition between parasite and mammalian host cell involves numerous molecules present in both cell types. Here, we present a brief review of the interaction between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host cells, mainly emphasizing the mechanisms and molecules that participate in the T. cruzi invasion process of the mammalian cells.

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An Introduction to the Structural Organization of Parasitic Protozoa

Cited by 20 publications

References 113 publications

In vitro biological action of aqueous extract from roots of Physalis angulata against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

In vitro biological action of aqueous extract from roots of Physalis angulata against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

The relationship of Plasmodium falciparum humeral immunity with HIV-1 immunosuppression and treatment efficacy in Zambia

Review onTrypanosoma cruzi: Host Cell Interaction

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