An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals

Deer, W. A.; Howie, R. Α.; Zussman, J.

doi:10.1180/dhz

Cited by 2,211 publications

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“…Due to both the larger volume of the sediment primary particles (~0.2 μm) and higher refractive index. Refractive indices of the three sediment types are (geometric mean of the three axes): goethite: n = 2.18; illite: n = 1.58; kaolinite: n = 1.56; montmorillonite: n = 1.55 (Deer et al, 1992;Shannon et al, 2002;Weidler and Friedrich, 2007) compared to φ6 particles (80 nm), the sediment primary particles have a higher scattering cross-section than the virions. Therefore, the heteroaggregation experiments were performed using a higher concentration of viral particles than sediments.…”

Section: Heteroaggregation Turbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability

Katz

Peña

Alimova

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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Four sediments in the colloidal size range: goethite, montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite, were suspended with the bacteriophage φ6, a model enveloped virus, to determine relative rates of heteroaggregation and the effect of aggregation on virus viability. Turbidity was measured on combinations of virus and each sediment type at low concentration to determine aggregation rates. Aggregation of sediment with virus occurred regardless of mineral type, and larger fraction of virus is expected to aggregate with increasing sediment concentration leading to higher deposition rates. The negatively charged sediments, aggregated with φ6 (also negatively charged at neutral pH) at a faster rate than the positively charged sediments, yielding turbidity slopes of 4.94 × 10 s and 7.50 × 10 s for φ6-montmorillonite and φ6-illite aggregates, respectively, and 2.98 × 10 s and 2.84 × 10 s, for φ6-goethite and φ6-kaolinite, respectively. This indicates that the interaction between sediments and virus is hydrophobic, rather than electrostatic. Large numbers of virions remained viable post-aggregation, despite the fragility of the viral envelope, indicating that small-sized aggregates, which may travel more readily through porous media, may pose an infection risk. The fraction of φ6 that remained viable varied with sediment type, with montmorillonite-φ6 aggregates experiencing the greatest reduction in infectivity at 35%. TEM analyses reveal that in all sediment-φ6 combinations, infectivity loss was likely due to disassembly of the viral envelope as a result of aggregation.

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Section: Heteroaggregation Turbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability

Katz

Peña

Alimova

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Garnet is commonly employed as a pathfinder mineral in diamond exploration (see, e.g., Gurney and Zweistra 1995) and also used in provenance studies to identify and characterise potential lithologies contributing to detrital sediments and discriminate different sediment sources (von Eynnatten andDunkl 2012, Krippner et al 2014). Garnet is especially useful in these contexts for three reasons: (i) its broad spectrum of major, minor and trace element composition (Anthony et al 1995); (ii) its presence in both igneous and metamorphic rocks (Deer et al 1992); and (iii) its relative stability during weathering and transport (Pettijohn 1941). Garnet composition is governed by source rock bulk composition together with its temperature and pressure history, and particular compositions can be correlated to different source lithologies (Morton et al 2004, Suggate andHall 2013), so that detrital garnet provides a window into source rock composition and sediment provenance Our particular interest in garnet is that kimberlites often contain xenocrystic minerals formed under upper-mantle conditions such as pyrope garnet, picro-ilmenite, chromian spinel and chrome-diopside (Dawson 1980) and frequently is found as inclusions in diamond (Shimizu and Richardson 1987).…”

Section: Garnetmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this application, it was necessary to determine the major and trace element composition of garnet for purposes of identification and discrimination from garnet of nonmantle origin, as the silicate minerals associated with diamond have well-defined ranges in chemical composition. Pyrope, which is exceptionally rare in upper crustal rocks but is occasionally transported to the Earth's surface in alpine peridotites and in alkaline volcanic rocks and kimberlites produced in deep mantle sources (Deer et al 1992), is the main garnet type of interest in this context. Kimberlite garnets associated with diamonds tend to be low-Ca and Ti-poor, but enriched in Mg and Cr (Gurney et al 1993).…”

Section: Garnetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Fingerprinting by Handheld Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Harmon

Hark

Throckmorton

et al. 2017

Geostandard Geoanalytic Res

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A broad suite of geological materials was studied a using a handheld laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument. Because LIBS is simultaneously sensitive to all elements, the full broadband emission spectrum recorded from a single laser shot provides a ‘chemical fingerprint’ of any material – solid, liquid or gas. The distinguishing chemical characteristics of the samples analysed were identified through principal component analysis (PCA), which demonstrates how this technique for statistical analysis can be used to identify spectral differences between similar sample types based on minor and trace constituents. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) was used to distinguish and classify the materials, with excellent discrimination achieved for all sample types. This study illustrates through four examples (carbonate minerals and rocks, the oxide mineral pair columbite–tantalite, the silicate mineral garnet and native gold) how portable, handheld LIBS analysers can be used for real‐time chemical analysis under simulated field conditions for element or mineral identification, plus such applications as stratigraphic correlation, provenance determination and natural resource exploration.

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“…In the far eastern sector, near Mahoba, reddening of granitoid is common on outcrops, particularly in the immediate contacts of mafic dyke/dykelets with granitoids, with gradual decrease in reddening intensity away from the contacts (Figure 2b). Geological Survey of India (GSI) report (Kumar & Bodas, 1991-1992 suggests abundance of mafic dykes in the southern sector of the craton. However, plausible connection of frequent dolerite occurrences (as mentioned in GSI report) and more reddening of granitoids in the southern part of the craton as suggested by (Ray et al, 2016 and reference therein) remains to be established.…”

Section: Field Aspects Of Grey and Red Granitoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reddening of ~2.5 Ga granitoid by high‐temperature fluid linked to mafic dyke swarm in the Bundelkhand Craton, north central India

et al. 2017

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The origin of reddening of granitoid is controversial. Red granitoids, occurring spatially with grey granitoids with a thin transitional zone is a volumetrically significant litho‐type in the Bundelkhand Craton, north central India. Using detailed petrography and microstructure study, and phase compositions and elemental X‐ray maps, we demonstrate for the first time that pervasive infiltration of Fe‐Mg‐Na‐K‐rich fluid caused re‐equilibration of ~2.5 Ga grey monzogranite during both brittle and ductile deformation in the craton. The reddening of granitoid is attributed to replacement and precipitation of tiny Fe‐rich particles in porous feldspars by the high temperature Fe‐Mg‐Na‐K‐rich fluid (~950°C), plausibly from crust–mantle depths. The Fe‐Mg‐Na‐K‐rich fluid with high to moderately high FeO (≤27 wt%), MgO (≤19 wt%), Al2O3 (≤20 wt%), Na2O (<1.59 wt%), K2O (<2.74 wt%), low CaO, (≤0.28 wt%), and FeO/MgO (<1) occurs as discrete interconnected network of green colour veins in the rock. We infer that the veins filled with green‐coloured material along deep shear planes/mylonitic fabric in granitoids and grain boundaries and fractures of felsic minerals (feldspar and quartz) acted as highly permeable network conducive for pervasive fluid activity in the area that influence the normative mineralogy of granitoids yielding pyroxene in the norm. Replacement of original K‐feldspar by plagioclase (albitization), and again by K‐feldspar (K‐feldspathization) by deep fluid took place during which Al2O3 was broadly conserved, with no significant gain or loss in alkalies, a marginal loss in CaO and, but a huge gain in FeO and MgO. The Fe‐Mg‐Na‐K‐rich fluid (with normative olivine + pyroxene) is responsible for near isochemical subsolidus alteration and replacement–precipitation process of feldspars in granitoids. We suggest that the Fe‐Mg‐Na‐K‐rich fluid is of crust–mantle derivation and could intrinsically be linked to Paleoproterozoic dolerite dyke swarm activity in the craton.

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An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals

Cited by 2,211 publications

References 0 publications

Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability

Heteroaggregation of an enveloped bacteriophage with colloidal sediments and effect on virus viability

Geochemical Fingerprinting by Handheld Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Reddening of ~2.5 Ga granitoid by high‐temperature fluid linked to mafic dyke swarm in the Bundelkhand Craton, north central India

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