An introduction to the chemistry of graphene

Abstract

Pristine graphene and chemically modified graphenes (CMGs, e.g., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and their derivatives) can react with a variety of chemical substances. These reactions have been applied to modulate the structures and properties of graphene materials, and to extend their functions and practical applications. This perspective outlines the chemistry of graphene, including functionalization, doping, photochemistry, catalytic chemistry, and supramolecular chemistry. The mechanisms of graphene related reactions will be introduced, and the challenges in controlling the chemical reactions of graphene will be discussed.

Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to Graphene: a Theoretical and Experimental Approach

“…In this sense, the chemistry of graphene has been widely explored and developed in the last decade as a powerfulp athway to tailor the physicala nd chemical properties of pristine graphene. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Despite the existence of different functionalization approaches, the covalentc hemicalm odification of grapheneo ffersa ne ffective pathway to improve the dispersibility in both aqueous and organic solvents at the same time because different functional groups can be attached to the surfacem odifying the properties of the material. Graphene has followedin the footsteps of its close relatives, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and chemists have achieved ag ood knowledge and control of the fundamental chemistry of graphene, despite the fact that, within the family of carbon nanomaterials, graphene shows the lowestr eactivity due to the lower curvature of the basal plane.…”

“…Cycloaddition chemistry allowsa ne xcellent control of the functionalization degree and the introduction of aw ide variety of functional groups to carbonn anostructures (fullerenes, CNTsa nd graphene). [6,12,13] Among them, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactiono fa zomethine ylides affording fulleropyrrolidines is the most popular; [14,15] however,o ther [3+ +2] dipolar cycloadditions,s uch as those involving nitrile imines [16][17][18] as dipoles, have also been described in the literature.…”

Heteroatom‐Doped Carbonaceous Photocatalysts for Solar Fuel Production and Environmental Remediation

“…The heteroatom doping approach of introducing impurities into a matrix of nanocarbon materials, through surface transfer doping and substitutional doping, presents an avenue to efficiently enhancep hotocatalytic properties of carbonaceousm aterials through the improvedo ptical and electrochemical properties, structurala nd textural characteristics,t he adsorptive and mass transfer behavior,a nd the properties of active sites. [1,4,[7][8][9][10][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] As ac onsequence, the doping of photocatalysts garnerscontinually growing interest. By searching "photocatalysis" and then refining by "doping" (SciFinder,o nA pril 20, 2017),2 0799 publications can be obtained.I ndicated in Figure2is the explosive growth of doping of photocatalysts in the last ten years.…”

“…By searching "photocatalysis" and then refining by "doping" (SciFinder,o nA pril 20, 2017),2 0799 publications can be obtained.I ndicated in Figure2is the explosive growth of doping of photocatalysts in the last ten years. Indeed, the doping by heteroatoms has attracted great interest in fabricating advanced photocatalysts including both non-metallic photocatalysts, [1,4,[7][8][9][10][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] and metallicp hotocatalysts. [84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] In this Review,w ef ocus on the non-metallic heteroatoms-doped carbonaceous photocatalysts for energy conversion and environmental remediation applications.…”

State-of-the-Art Electronic Devices Based on Graphene

“…Graphene and its derivatives can react with a wide variety of chemical substances. These reactions, for example, chemical functionalization, are used to modulate the structures and properties of the graphene with the aim of extending their functionalities and practical applications [12]. Graphene functionalization is carried out either in a noncovalent or covalent manner.…”