An Introduction to Medical Manipulation

Therapeutic Effect of Joint Mobilization: Joint Mechanoreceptors and Nociceptors

“…2,5 The term "osteokinematics" refers to physiological movements of that can be actively performed through voluntary control of muscles. [1][2][3][4][5] The term "arthrokinematics" refers to accessory movements at the joint articular surfaces that must occur for unrestricted joint ROM. [1][2][3][4][5] Arthrokinematic displacements that may be affected by manual JM techniques include roll, spin, and glide of the joint articular surfaces.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The term "arthrokinematics" refers to accessory movements at the joint articular surfaces that must occur for unrestricted joint ROM. [1][2][3][4][5] Arthrokinematic displacements that may be affected by manual JM techniques include roll, spin, and glide of the joint articular surfaces. [1][2][3][4][5] Maitland classified JM techniques intended to normalize arthrokinematic displacements as static and oscillatory movements.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Arthrokinematic displacements that may be affected by manual JM techniques include roll, spin, and glide of the joint articular surfaces. [1][2][3][4][5] Maitland classified JM techniques intended to normalize arthrokinematic displacements as static and oscillatory movements. 2,5 Maitland further classified oscillatory movement as the following: Grade I, small-amplitude movement performed at the beginning of the range; Grade II, large-amplitude movement performed within the range, but not reaching the limit of the range (any part of the range that is not restricted by stiffness or muscle spasm); Grade III, large-amplitude movement performed to the limit of the range; and Grade IV, small-amplitude movement performed at the limit of the range.…”

“…Unmyelinated Type IV nerves carry afferent pain impulses that originate from free nerve endings, which are termed nociceptors. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Mechanoreceptor activation varies on the basis of the thickness of capsules that encase the receptor. 2 Each mechanoreceptor has unique characteristics in terms of adaptation, threshold, and discharge frequency ( Table 2).…”

“…1 Maitland's techniques for restoration of function, which emphasize facilitation of passive accessory movements, may be the most common joint mobilization technique. 2 James Cyriax, Freddy Kaltenborn, James Mennell, and Stanley Paris 3 have also served as originators of differing schools of thought related to joint mobilization techniques. Regardless of personal preference for a particular theory, practitioners should select joint mobilization techniques on the basis of scientific evidence.…”