An introduction to free radical biochemistry

Cheeseman, Kevin H.; Slater, T. F.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072625

Cited by 913 publications

(584 citation statements)

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“…The enzymes of endoplasmic reticulum such as cytochrome p-450 and b5 enzymes and diamine oxidase contribute to the formation of ROS [68]. Another important thiol oxidase enzyme, Erop1p catalyses the transfer of electrons from dithiols to molecular oxygen results in the formation of H 2 O 2 [69].…”

Section: Endoplasmic Reticulummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases

2014

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Free radicals and other oxidants have gained importance in the field of biology due to their central role in various physiological conditions as well as their implication in a diverse range of diseases. The free radicals, both the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are derived from both endogenous sources (mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, phagocytic cells etc.) and exogenous sources (pollution, alcohol, tobacco smoke, heavy metals, transition metals,

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Section: Endoplasmic Reticulummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other endogenous sources of ROS include prostaglandin synthesis, auto-oxidation of adrenalin, phagocytic cells, reduced riboflavin, FMNH 2 , FADH 2 , cytochrome P 450, immune cell activation, inflammation, mental stress, excessive exercise, infection, cancer, aging, ischemia etc. [68].…”

Section: Endoplasmic Reticulummentioning

confidence: 99%

Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases

2014

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“…stabilization of membranes (Boldyrev et al, 1988), scavenging of free radical intermediates (Kohen et al, 1988;Salim-Hanna et al, 1991;Pavlov et al, 1993), chelation of divalent transition metals such as iron, copper and zinc (Brown, 1981;Kohen et al, 1988;Klebanov et al, 1998), elimination of lipid peroxidation products in a nonenzymatic way Dupin et al, 1987). These properties are strictly related to each other; for example, important compounds in free radical biochemistry, such as hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of transition metal ions produce the more reactive and damaging hydroxyl radical (Cheeseman and Slater, 1993). Recent studies, carried out on cultured fibroblasts, described an antisenescent effect of carnosine (McFarland and Holliday, 1994).…”

Section: Antioxidant Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain

Bonfanti

Peretto

Marchis

et al. 1999

Progress in Neurobiology

187

107

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-Carnosine and structurally related dipeptides are a group of histidine-containing molecules widely distributed in vertebrate organisms and particularly abundant in muscle and nervous tissue. Although many theories have been proposed, the biological function(s) of these compounds in the nervous system remains enigmatic. The purpose of this article is to review the distribution of carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain, with particular reference to some cell populations wherein these molecules have been demonstrated to occur very recently. The high expression of carnosine in the mammalian olfactory receptor neurons led to infer that this dipeptide could play a role as a neurotransmitter/modulator in olfaction. This prediction, which has not yet been fully demonstrated, does not explain the localization of carnosine-related dipeptides in other cell types, such as glial and ependymal cells. A recent demonstration of high carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the subependymal layer of rodents, an area of the forebrain which shares with the olfactory neuroepithelium the occurrence of continuous neurogenesis during adulthood, supports the hypothesis that carnosine-related dipeptides could be implicated in some forms of structural plasticity. However, the particular distribution of these molecules in the subependymal layer, along with their expression in glial/ependymal cell populations, suggests that they are not directly linked to cell migration or cell renewal. In the absence of a unified theory about the role of carnosine-related dipeptides in the nervous system, some common features shared by different cell populations of the mammalian brain which contain these molecules are discussed.

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“…8 It converts superoxide radicals (O 2 À ) in to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and oxygen, and the hydrogen peroxide is metabolized by catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The human retina is rich in these proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7] Developing tissue can be harmed as a result of the oxidative effect of oxygen radicals, which cause damage presumably by increasing the peroxidation of fatty acids or nucleic acids and eliminating protein cross-linking. 8 The multicentre trial of cryotherapy for ROP demonstrated that the risk of unfavourable outcome is 50% in 'threshold ROP' and that cryotherapy decreases this risk by nearly 35%. 9,10 Studies have shown that vitamin E might also mitigate the effect of antioxidants on ROP in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An increase in superoxide dismutase ameliorates oxygen-induced retinopathy in transgenic mice

Spierer

Rabinowitz

Pri‐Chen

et al. 2004

Eye

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Purpose Oxygen therapy is a well-recognized risk factor for retinopathy of prematurity. We examined whether an increase in the naturally occurring enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), which controls oxygen, can reduce the severity of oxygeninduced retinopathy in a mouse model. Methods Seven transgenic mice overexpressing CuZnSOD and six wild-type mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 to 12. Seven transgenic mice and five mice of the wild type were kept in room air and served as controls.Fluorescein-conjugated dextran angiography of retinal vasculature was performed and flat-mounted preparations were evaluated by scoring blood vessel growth, blood vessel tuft formation, extraretinal neovascularization, degree of central constriction, and tortuosity of vessels. In addition, quantification of the number of blood vessel tufts was performed in a masked fashion with haematoxylin and eosin staining of paraffin-embedded eye sections. Results The mean retinal score7SD obtained by the wild-type mice was 9.472.0, whereas the transgenic mice overexpressing CuZnSOD obtained a value of 2.471.6 (P ¼ 0). The two control groups (wild type and transgenic) that were kept in room air, each obtained a score of 0. Significantly fewer extraretinal vascular tufts were seen in the transgenic mice (0.2670.34) than in the wildtype mice (4.2771.6) after both groups were exposed to oxygen (Po0.001).Conclusions The results suggest that high SOD activity protects neonatal mice against oxygen-induced retinopathy, and support the assumption that oxygen radicals are a major causative factor in oxygen-induced retinopathy.

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An introduction to free radical biochemistry

Cited by 913 publications

References 0 publications

Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases

Free Radicals: Properties, Sources, Targets, and Their Implication in Various Diseases

Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain

An increase in superoxide dismutase ameliorates oxygen-induced retinopathy in transgenic mice

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