An introduction to biomimetics: A structural viewpoint

Sarıkaya, Mehmet

doi:10.1002/jemt.1070270503

Cited by 159 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This figure also illustrates the characteristic composite 'brick and mortar' structure of nacre [1,[5][6][7]. It consists predominantly (over 95% by volume) of uniformly oriented, ordered layers of aragonite-rich platelets separated by a thin organic polymer matrix.…”

Section: Hierarchical Architecturementioning

confidence: 85%

“…The excellent bulk mechanical performance of nacre in seashells has been well reported in the literature and is attributed to the combination of hard minerals and soft biopolymers in the structure of nacre [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Compared with other seashells such as conch and clam shells that can have several hierarchical orders of structure [13][14][15], nacre has a relatively low-order structure, which has made it a more attractive material to study the fundamental structural principles of biological materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Kakisawa

Sumitomo²

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

139

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The structure and the toughening mechanism of nacre have been the subject of intensive research over the last 30 years. This interest originates from nacre's excellent combination of strength, stiffness and toughness, despite its high, for a biological material, volume fraction of inorganic phase, typically 95%. Owing to the improvement of nanoscale measurement and observation techniques, significant progress has been made during the last decade in understanding the mechanical properties of nacre. The structure, microscopic deformation behavior and toughening mechanism on the order of nanometers have been investigated, and the importance of hierarchical structure in nacre has been recognized. This research has led to the fabrication of multilayer composites and films inspired by nacre with a layer thickness below 1 µm. Some of these materials reproduce the inorganic/organic interaction and hierarchical structure beyond mere morphology mimicking. In the first part of this review, we focus on the hierarchical architecture, macroscopic and microscopic deformation and fracture behavior, as well as toughening mechanisms in nacre. Then we summarize recent progress in the fabrication of materials inspired by nacre taking into consideration its mechanical properties.

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Section: Hierarchical Architecturementioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Kakisawa

Sumitomo²

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

139

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“…Fig. 40a shows schematically the brick and mortar microstructure found in abalone nacre [102], and Fig. 40b shows the layered structure in a TEM micrograph [103].…”

Section: Nacreous Shellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Meyers

Chen

Lin

et al. 2008

Progress in Materials Science

2,135

1,129

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Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring Materials Scientists in the design of novel materials.Their defining characteristics, hierarchy, multifunctionality, and self-healing capability, are illustrated. Self-organization is also a fundamental feature of many biological materials and the manner by which the structures are assembled from the molecular level up. The basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides-saccharides. These, on their turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of 'soft tissues' and are also present in most biominerals. There are over 1000 proteins, and we describe only the principal ones, with emphasis on collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The 'hard' phases are primarily strengthened by minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important mineral phases are discussed: hydroxyapatite, silica, and aragonite.Using the classification of Wegst and Ashby, the principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are presented. Selected systems in each class are described with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical response. A fifth class is added to this: functional biological materials, which have a structure developed for a specific function: adhesion, optical properties, etc.An outgrowth of this effort is the search for bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methodologies of biological materials using conventional synthetic 0079-6425/$ -see front matter Ó

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“…CaCO 3 has corresponding strength and toughness values of 30 MPa and <1 MPa-m 1/2 , respectively. [5][6][7][8][9] These mollusks owe their extraordinary mechanical properties to a hierarchically organized structure starting with single crystals of CaCO 3 , with dimensions of 4-5 nm (nanostructure) and proceeding with bricks with dimensions of 0.5-10 µm (microstructure, Figure 1a), and finishing with layers of ~0.2-0.5 mm (mesostructure, Figure 1b).…”

Section: Synthetic Multifunctional Metallic-intermetallic Laminate Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic multifunctional metallic-intermetallic laminate composites

Vecchio

2005

JOM

155

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INTRODUCTIONThe field of material microstructural design to achieve a set of targeted mechanical and functional properties has become a mainstay of new material development strategies. Structural materials, which by their very nature are intended to carry mechanical loads in service, can be designed to provide additional performance-enhancing functions through tailoring of meso-, micro-, or nano-structures. Structural materials with these performance-enhancing capabilities have been termed "synthetic multifunctional materials." 1 Structural composites, by their multiphase nature, offer many opportunities for the design of performance-enhancing multifunctional materials. Recently, a new class of structural materials has been developed at the University of California, San Diego, termed metallic-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites. 2 The goal of this materials development effort was to extrapolate upon the positive engineer- Synthetic Multifunctional Metallic-Intermetallic Laminate CompositesKenneth S. Vecchio ing properties exhibited by hierarchical multiphase complex natural composites, such as mollusk shells, 3,4 to design and synthesize multifunctional composites to optimize specific structural properties while facilitating low-cost, designable, and functional microstructures.Biological systems often exhibit a wide array of multifunctional materials and offer great biomimetic motivation to develop synthetic multifunctional materials. Mollusk shells are known to possess hierarchical structures highly optimized for toughness. The two mollusks that have been studied most extensively are Haliotis rufescens (abalone) and Pinctata (conch) shells. Considering the weak constituents the shells are made from-namely calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and a series of organic binders, the mechanical properties of these shells are outstanding. Their tensile strength varies between 100 MPa and 300 MPa and fracture toughness between 3 MPa and 7 MPa-m , respectively. 5-9These mollusks owe their extraordinary mechanical properties to a hierarchically organized structure starting with single crystals of CaCO 3 , with dimensions of 4-5 nm (nanostructure) and proceeding with bricks with dimensions of 0.5-10 µm (microstructure, Figure 1a), and finishing with layers of ~0.2-0.5 mm (mesostructure, Figure 1b).Building on the laminate microstructure design found in shells, Ti-Al 3 Ti MIL composites have been produced to mimic these structures from elemental titanium and aluminum foils by a novel one-step process utilizing a controlled reaction at elevated temperature and pressure.2 The novelty of this fabrication process lies in the fact that it is performed in open air and produces a fully dense laminate composite. Figure 2 shows an illustration of the processing setup for fabrication of the MIL composites using a simple openair heated platen press. The thickness of the original titanium and aluminum foils is chosen to ensure that the entire aluminum layer is consumed upon reaction with the adjacent titanium layers. Such a layering scheme...

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An introduction to biomimetics: A structural viewpoint

Cited by 159 publications

References 38 publications

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Synthetic multifunctional metallic-intermetallic laminate composites

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