An intrinsic source of behavioral regulation that influences discrete responses to cues important for the initiation of suckling.

Bacher, Leigh F.; Robertson, Steven S.; Smotherman, William P.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.114.3.594

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The pattern of motor activity around oral grasp responses in the not-warmed pups during the last minutes of the observation was the same as that observed in previous work with a directly comparable design (Bacher et al, 2000). That is, motor activity was lower before the grasp than during the grasp, and activity during the grasp was lower than activity after the grasp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The tip of the AN was not forced into the pup's mouth (Petrov et al, 1997;Smotherman, Goffman, et al, 1997). Presenting the AN to the pup did not produce detectable artifacts in the output of the movement sensor (Bacher et al, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Movement data for the three grasps were averaged for each pup. Then the average levels of motor activity before (5 s), during, and after (5 s) oral grasps were compared in separate one-way ANOVAs of time (before, during, after) for the experimental and control conditions to model the analysis used in Bacher et al (2000).…”

Section: Analysis Iii: Temporal Relationship Between Oral Grasping An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of warmth on newborn rats' motor activity and oral responsiveness to an artificial nipple.

Bacher¹,

Smotherman²,

Robertson³

2001

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Temperature is a powerful regulator of the behavior and physiology of newborn altricial animals. The effects of warmth on newborn rats' oral responsiveness to suckling stimuli and spontaneous motor activity in a thermoneutral environment were investigated. Newborn rat pups' oral grasp responses to an artificial nipple and overall motor activity were recorded for 18 min. Near-term pups were delivered by cesarean section so that their 1st experiences with suckling stimuli could be observed. Experimental pups were warmed for 15 s every 2 min; control pups were not warmed. Warmed pups grasped the nipple fewer times than the not-warmed pups. However, oral grasp durations became longer for the warmed pups but not for the not-warmed pups. Warmth increased pups' motor activity but only while the heat was applied. Warmth in a thermoneutral environment may promote longer nipple attachment during newborns' early feeding experiences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis Iii: Temporal Relationship Between Oral Grasping An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of warmth on newborn rats' motor activity and oral responsiveness to an artificial nipple.

Bacher¹,

Smotherman²,

Robertson³

2001

Behavioral Neuroscience

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“…It makes sense that early olfactory experiences would primarily promote later appetitive (versus consummatory) behaviors in the presence of this odor because olfactory cues help orient the pup toward its food source. Increased motor activation, however, was not likely a direct cause of the decreased latency, because activity tends to decrease just before attachment to a nipple (Bacher, Robertson, & Smotherman, 2000). In contrast with the present findings, odors familiar to the infant rat such as amniotic fluid or maternally derived odors have been found to reduce motor activity upon reexposure (Dominguez, Lopez, & Molina, 1998; Schapiro & Salas, 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory learning in the rat neonate soon after birth

Miller

Spear

2008

Developmental Psychobiology

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The first hours of a newborn rat’s life entail locating and attaching to the mother’s nipple not only for nutrition but also for protection and warmth. The present study sought to characterize olfactory learning in the rat neonate immediately after birth. Newborn rats were exposed to an odor at various time periods soon after birth and tested for behavioral activation and attachment to a surrogate nipple in the presence of this odor at 4–5 hours postpartum. Regardless of when pups were presented the odor (0, 1, or 2 hours after birth) motor activity was greater among pups previously exposed to the odor than pups with no odor experience. Similarly, latency to attach to the nipple in the presence of the odor was lower among odor-preexposed pups, especially when odor exposure began within an hour of cesarean delivery. Odor exposure immediately after birth for just 15 minutes was sufficient to increase motor activity and to decrease latency to attach to a similarly scented surrogate nipple. These results suggest that olfactory experience very soon after birth can shape subsequent olfactory responses. The relative importance of the dearth of postnatal experience or of elevated neurochemicals immediately after birth and possible associative mechanisms underlying this learning is discussed.

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“…In fetal sheep, CM is sensitive to the spontaneous uterine contractions that normally occur during the last third of gestation, similar to Braxton-Hicks contractions in humans (Robertson et al, 1996). In the rat, CM is influenced by fetal exposure to cocaine (Simonik, Robinson, & Smotherman, 1994), and regulates behavioral responsiveness to perioral stimulation before and after birth (Bacher, Robertson, & Smotherman, 2000;MacLennan, Smotherman, & Robertson, 1998;Reilly, Robertson, MacLennan, & Smotherman, 1997). After birth in humans, CM is sensitive to sound and tightly coupled to visual attention Robertson, Bacher, & Huntington, 2001), and it appears to regulate social interaction with an adult (Huntington, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: Sensitivity to maternal blood glucose

Robertson

Dierker

2002

Developmental Psychobiology

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266

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Spontaneous fetal movement in the last third of human gestation is dominated by irregular oscillations on a scale of minutes (cyclic motility, CM). The core properties of these oscillations are stable during the third trimester of gestation in normal fetuses, but disrupted by poorly controlled maternal diabetes. Here we investigated whether fetal CM is linked to short-term instabilities in maternal glucose metabolism. The fetuses of 40 mothers with type I (n = 28) or gestational (n = 12) diabetes were studied one to six times between 27 and 40 postmenstrual weeks of gestation. Fetal movement and maternal blood glucose concentration were measured during two separate periods of fetal activity in each session. Fetal CM was quantified with spectral analysis. Early in the third trimester, changes in the rate of oscillation in fetal CM between the two periods of activity were inversely related to changes in maternal blood glucose levels. Fetal CM was unrelated to concurrent maternal blood glucose levels at any point in the third trimester. The pattern of results suggests that disruption of the temporal organization of spontaneous fetal motor activity in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes represents an acute response to fluctuations in the metabolic environment rather than an alteration of CM development.

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An intrinsic source of behavioral regulation that influences discrete responses to cues important for the initiation of suckling.

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Effects of warmth on newborn rats' motor activity and oral responsiveness to an artificial nipple.

Effects of warmth on newborn rats' motor activity and oral responsiveness to an artificial nipple.

Olfactory learning in the rat neonate soon after birth

Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: Sensitivity to maternal blood glucose

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