An Intracellular Laccase is Responsible for the Epicatechin Mediated Anthocyanin Degradation in Litchi Fruit Pericarp

Fang, Fang; Zhang, Xuelian; Luo, Honghui; Zhou, Jiajian; Gong, Yihui; Li, Wenjun; Shi, Zhaowan; He, Quan; Wu, Qing; Li, Lü; Jiang, Lingling; Cai, Zhi-gao; Oren-Shamir, Michal; Zhang, Zhaoqi; Pang, Xuequn

doi:10.1104/pp.15.00359

Cited by 69 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Rapid pericarp browning of harvested lychee fruit has long been believed to be caused by polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) or peroxidases (PODs), which first oxidize certain phenolic substrates to intermediate quinols, then the quinols are further oxidized or polymerized with other phenolics, including anthocyanins, leading to production of brown compounds and de‐coloration of the anthocyanins (Jiang & Fu, ; Jiang et al, ; Sun et al, ; Zhang, Pang, Xuewu, Ji, & Jiang, ). Recently, using partially purified phenolics, including anthocyanins from lychee pericarp as substrates, we identified a laccase (LcADE/LAC) (EC1.10.3.2) with anthocyanin degradation enzymatic activities (Fang et al, ). LcADE/LAC showed even higher activities on—(–)epicatechin, an abundant phenolic in lychee pericarp (Fang et al, ), and formed brown products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, using partially purified phenolics, including anthocyanins from lychee pericarp as substrates, we identified a laccase (LcADE/LAC) (EC1.10.3.2) with anthocyanin degradation enzymatic activities (Fang et al, ). LcADE/LAC showed even higher activities on—(–)epicatechin, an abundant phenolic in lychee pericarp (Fang et al, ), and formed brown products. Furthermore, we showed that the gene expression and protein levels of LcADE/LAC were much higher than LcPPO gene (DQ408429.1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laccases are blue multicopper oxidases (MCOs), which can catalyze oxidation of a wide variety of organic and inorganic compounds, including diphenols, polyphenols, diamines, substituted phenols, and aromatic amines by a one‐electron transfer mechanism (Kiiskinen, Viikari, & Kruus, ). The enzymes also showed high activities to catechol, or 4‐methy catechol, the substrates of catechol oxidase, a subclass of PPOs (Fang et al, ). Accordingly, more evidences such as protein sequencing, substrate specificity, and the effect of specific inhibitors are required to define the correspondent enzymes of tissue browning as PPOs or laccases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we isolated and purified the laccase (LcADE/LAC) functioning in lychee pericarp browning. In addition to substrate specificity that had been reported in our previous study (Fang et al, ), we further investigated the enzymatic characteristics such as optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity and the effect of inhibitors, including the traditional antibrowning agents applied in food industry. The present study will help us not only understand comprehensively the features of plant laccases but also provide better control of the laccase‐based tissue browning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection

Zhang

Fang

et al. 2017

J Food Process Preserv

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An anthocyanin degradation‐related laccase (LcADE/LAC) from lychee fruit was found to be responsible for the pericarp browning. In this study, LcADE/LAC was purified and characterized for better control of laccase‐based browning. The optimum pH for LcADE/LAC activities was 5.0–6.0, with less than 20% of the activity retained at pH 3.0. The optimum temperature is 45 °C, and the activity is thermostable at this temperature. The enzyme was inhibited by 1 mM Fe2+, but induced by 0.1 mM Fe3+. Na2SO3 and l‐cysteine highly inhibited the activity at 0.1 mM, while kojic and phytic acids inhibited 40 and 43%, respectively, at 1 mM. Na2SO3 inhibited the activity in a noncompetitive model with a Ki value of 33.1 μM, and the inhibition increased when pH decreased to 3.5. In postharvest fruit, the enzyme activity and LcADE/LAC gene expression were strongly inhibited by SO2‐HCl treatment. Practical applications The present study systematically characterizes a pericarp browning related laccase (LcADE/LAC) from lychee. The high sensitivity of the enzyme to low pH and several inhibitors, such as SO2, l‐cysteine, and kojic acid and phytic acids, will help in the development of more efficient strategies for browning control of lychee pericarp or other laccase‐based food browning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection

Zhang

Fang

et al. 2017

J Food Process Preserv

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“…Так, з'ясована роль антоціанів у фруктових екстрактах та їх деградація поліфенолоксидазами (ПФО) та пероксидазами (ПО). Виявлено, що деградація антоціанів відбувається у перикарпі плодів Litchi упродовж дозрівання за допомогою пероксидази BcPrx01 (Fang et al, 2015). Крім того, вивчався біохімічний метаболізм даного ензиму та визначено негативний вплив пероксидази на ріст та розвиток рослин класу Arabidopsis в умовах пошкодження клітинної стінки (Raggi et al, 2015).…”

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Вплив Регулятору Росту На Ферменти Антиоксидантного Захисту За Умов Діі Антропогенних Емісій

Vasilyuk

2016

Biol. Bull. of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol St. Pedag. Univ.

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Досліджено загальну (GА, Px, ∆Е, мл•с) та питому (SА, Px, ∆Е, мг•с) активність ферменту класу оксидоредуктаз пероксидази (Px, EC 1.11.1.7), яка у поєднанні із каталазою (Cat, EC 1.11.1.6) формує подвійну ланку антиоксидантного захисту клітин в організмах різного рівня організації за умов підвищення окисно-відновних процесів при збільшенні екзогенного навантаження, як неспецифічної реакція на стрес. Дані показники, як маркери зміни чинників довкілля, визначали в листках Salix alba L., що розповсюджена по берегам річки Мокра Сура (антропогенно забруднена з підвищеною мінералізацією) та річки Шпакова (умовно чиста, контроль). Дані акваторії належать до басейну річки Дніпро Степового Придніпров'я, що характеризуються значним індустріальним навантаженням. Для пришвидшення вкорінення та зниження екзогенного антропогенного тиску на рослинний об'єкт використовували регулятор росту рослин «Корневін». Виявлено неспецифічну реакцію пероксидази на антропогенний тиск, визначено достовірні відмінності між дослідом та контролем у показниках антиоксидантного захисту залежно від умов росту та розвитку. Ключові слова: Salix alba L., підвищена мінералізація, регулятори росту, пероксидаза, адаптогени, антропогенні чинники ЕFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES PROTECTION UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS O.M. Vasilyuk Oles' Gonchar Dnipropetrovs'k National University E-mail: Vasilyuk.elena@mail.ruThe paper presents analysis of general (GА, Px, ∆Е, ml•sec) and specific (SA, Px, ∆Е, mg•sec) of oxidoreductase enzyme activity (Peroxidase, Px, EC 1.11.1.7), which together with Catalase (Cat, EC 1.11.1.6) forms a double link antioxidant protection of cells in the organisms of different levels of organization (non-specific response to stress) in the conditions of increasing redox processes under the exogenous stress. These markers of changeable environmental factors were sampled in the leaves of Salix alba L., which grew along Mokra Sura River (anthropogenically polluted with high level of salinity, experiment) and Shpakova River (without anthropogenic impact, control). These rivers belong to the basin of the Dnieper River (Steppe Dnieper region) that has high industrial load. We used plant growth regulator "Kornevin" in order to accelerate the rooting and reduce the exogenous pressures on the plants. We detected nonspecific reaction towards peroxidase in anthropogenic pressure conditions and determined significant differences between experiment and control regards antioxidant protection depending on growth and development conditions.

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Litchi postharvest physiology and handling

Huang,

Paull,

Wang

2024

Crop Science

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Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) fruit, with its bright red color and sweet and juicy aril, is an important fruit crop in Asia, Africa, Australia, and South America. A major cause of the postharvest loss of litchi fruit is browning and decay. Chlorophyll breakdown and flavonoid synthesis occur simultaneously during the maturation of this nonclimacteric fruit. However, once litchi fruit is harvested, pericarp desiccation and membrane breakdown occur, which leads to browning with the rate of browning and later microcracking paralleling water loss rate. In addition, chilling injury can contribute to and increase pericarp browning and membrane leakage. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase are possibly key enzymes in the early stages of browning. An increase in the leakage of the pericarp membrane also occurs that correlates with browning. Many chemical treatments have been evaluated to retard pericarp browning, such as melatonin, hot water, acidified calcium sulfate (ACS), adenosine triphosphate, and tea seed oil. During long distance transportation, chemical treatments that involve sulfur are used, including SO2 fumigation, acid dip after SO2 fumigation, SO2 fumigation and sulfur sheet package, or SO2 fumigation followed by controlled atmosphere (CA), if approved by the importing country. Other treatments that avoid the use of SO2 include melatonin, ACS, and hot water brushing combined with an acid dip, CA, and modified atmosphere packaging. Anthracnose is a common disease that accelerates browning and decay. Penicillium species as a saprophyte is also common with fruit infection occurring in the field, during harvest, in the packhouse, cold rooms, and shipping containers. Sulfur sheet or CA is used to reduce fruit rot after SO2 fumigation and Sportak (prochloraz) for the control of penicillium. However, a replacement for postharvest SO2 use is still urgently needed.

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An Intracellular Laccase is Responsible for the Epicatechin Mediated Anthocyanin Degradation in Litchi Fruit Pericarp

Cited by 69 publications

References 64 publications

Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection

Enzymatic characterization of a laccase from lychee pericarp in relation to browning reveals the mechanisms for fruit color protection

Вплив Регулятору Росту На Ферменти Антиоксидантного Захисту За Умов Діі Антропогенних Емісій

Litchi postharvest physiology and handling

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