“…Recently, a number of research efforts were undertaken to deal with uncertainties C. Dai et al / Ecological Engineering xxx (2015) xxx-xxx through inexact optimization methods, such as stochastic and fuzzy mathematical programming (Cai et al, 2011a,b;Dai et al, 2015;Dong et al, 2013;Ganji et al, 2008;Han et al, 2013;Housh et al, 2012;Tan et al, 2011;Uddameri et al, 2014;Zarghami and Szidarovszky, 2009;Zeng et al, 2011;Zhang and Huang, 2011). Among them, two-stage stochastic programming (TSP), a typical stochastic mathematical programming method, is effective for tackling optimization problems where an analysis of policy scenarios is desired and the model's coefficients are random with known probability distributions (Dai et al, 2014). In TSP, a decision is first made before values of random variables are known; after the random events have happened and their values are known, a second decision is made to minimize "penalties" that may appear due to any infeasibility (Maqsood et al, 2005).…”