1 H NMR was used to investigate the molecular structure, and dynamic properties of soluble, recombinant, substrate-free human heme oxygenase (apohHO) on a comparative basis with similar studies on the substrate complex. Limited but crucial sequence-specific assignments identify five conserved secondary structural elements, and the detection of highly characteristic dipolar or H-bond interactions among these elements together with insignificant chemical shift differences confirm a strongly conserved folding topology of helices C-H relative to that of substrate complexes in either solution or the crystal. The correction of the chemical shifts for paramagnetic and porphyrin ring current influences in the paramagnetic substrate complex reveals that the strength of all but one of the numerous relatively robust H-bonds are conserved in apohHO, and similar ordered water molecules are located near these H-bond donors as observed in the substrate complexes. The unique and significant weakening of the Tyr 58 OH hydrogen bond to the catalytically critical Asp 140 carboxylate in apohHO is suggested to arise from the removal of the axial Hbond acceptor ligand rather than the loss of substrate. The interhelical positions of the conserved strong Hbonds argue for a structural role in maintaining a conserved structure for helices C-H upon loss of substrate. While the structure and H-bond network are largely conserved upon loss of substrate, the variably increased rate of NH lability dictates a significant loss of dynamic stability in the conserved structure, particularly near the distal helix F.
Heme oxygenase (HO)1 is a non-metal enzyme that catalyzes the regiospecific cleavage of heme to yield ␣-biliverdin, iron, and CO (1). Heme serves as both cofactor and substrate in a reaction that consumes three O 2 molecules, seven electrons, and nine protons (2-5). HOs are found in mammals as ϳ32-kDa membrane-bound enzymes in the key roles of heme metabolism, iron conservation (HO1) (6, 7) and generator of a putative neural messenger (HO2) (8). Smaller, soluble analogs have been identified in pathogenic bacteria that are used to mine iron from the host (9, 10) and in plants and photosynthetic bacteria where they generate light-harvesting pigments (11). The mechanism of HO appears the same despite the diverse origins of the enzymes and involves the iron-hydroperoxy, rather than the common ferryl heme, as the species that attacks the ␣-meso position (2, 4, 12). Recent crystal structures of substrate-bound complexes of first a recombinant, soluble construct of mammalian HO (13, 14) (human HO (hHO)) and then rat HO (rHO) (15-17) followed by two bacterial HOs (18, 19) have revealed novel all-␣-helical enzymes comprised of eight helices (A-H) with the heme wedged between helix A, which provides the highly conserved proximal His, and a conserved distal helix F that exhibits a significant kink near a Gly-Gly or Gly-Ala linkage. The ␣-stereoselectivity of the HO reaction has been attributed to a combination of obvious steric blockage of all but ...