An interpretation of age-related differences in letter-matching performance

Lindholm, Julie Mapes; Parkinson, Stanley R.

doi:10.3758/bf03202866

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Older adults are slower than young adults, but typically more cautious (Botwinick, 1973;Danziger, 1980) and sometimes more accurate (Lindholm & Parkinson, 1983). In the present study, however, the letter pair was presented only briefly (100 msec), and even if visual persistence lengthened the effective stimulus duration to perhaps 250 or 300 msec, the older adults would still be much more hard pressed than young adults to finish processing while the stimulus or its persistence was visible.…”

Section: Missing-feature Principlementioning

confidence: 57%

“…The main data for young adults (Krueger, 1985) and older adults are presented in slowing models of CerelIa (1985b) and Lindholm and Parkinson (1983), mean RT was nearly a constant 1.2 times greater for older adults than for young adults on both the near and far trials. However, errors increased much more on far (vs. near) trials for older adults (who made twice as many errors as young adults on near trials, but three times as many on far trials), which makes the constant ratio on RT less meaningful.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Older adults (60 years of age and above) typically are much slower than young adults (Botwinick, 1973), and a general, age-related slowing of processing has been proposed by CerelIa (1985b) and Lindholm and Parkinson (1983), who found that, for a particular type of task, the ratio of RT for older versus young adults remained constant as task difficulty varied. CerelIa said that older adults were only slightly slower on the sensorimotor components of a task, but about twice as slow as young adults on higher order components.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Same-different judgments of foveal and parafoveal letter pairs by older adults

Krueger

Allen

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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Older adults (mean age: 67.9 years) judged whether two adjacent letters, presented either 0.5 0 (foveal or near condition) or 2.0 0 (parafoveal or far condition) from fixation, were identical or different. The method was identical to that used previously with young adults (Krueger, 1985). The older (and presumably noisier) adults were slower and less accurate in general, and, consistent with the internal-noise principle, they surpassed the young adults by showing a large, 48-msec fast-same effect and a large, 6% preponderance of false-different responses (i.e., errors on same trials) over false-same ones. With parafoveal presentation, the fast-same effect, but not the preponderance of false-different responses, increased greatly for the older adults, apparently due to an inability to perceive differing features (Eriksen, O'Hara, & Eriksen's, 1982, missing-feature principle), owing to their more constricted visual fields (Cerena, 1985a). The fast-same effect was larger in the left visual field (right hemisphere) for young adults, but larger in the right visual field (left hemisphere) for older adults.When people judge whether two letters are identical or not, same judgments typically are faster than different judgments (Krueger, 1978;Proctor, 1981). According to the noisy-operator theory (Krueger, 1978), internal noise more often changes physical matches into spurious perceived mismatches than vice versa. As a result, different judgments are slower, due to more rechecking of perceived mismatches, and there typically is a tendency to make more false-different responses (Le., errors on same trials) than false-same ones.

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Section: Missing-feature Principlementioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Same-different judgments of foveal and parafoveal letter pairs by older adults

Krueger

Allen

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Next, we performed a logarithmic transformation of the mean correct RTs to compare the two groups' RTs of different baselines (Lindholm & Parkinson, 1983), and conducted the same three-way mixed ANOVA. This ANOVA indicated the same pattern of results.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salient Natural Scene Attracts Both Younger and Older Adults’ Attention

Otsuka

Kawaguchi

2014

PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychological Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether salient natural scenes attract both younger and older adults' attention in a visual search task. We manipulated the search set size and the perceptual saliency of the target scene (singleton vs. nonsingleton). In the singleton condition, a target image was always presented in color, and distractors were presented in grayscale. In the nonsingleton condition, both target and distractor images were presented in color. Younger and older adults were asked to detect the target in scenes and to categorize it as an animal or vehicle. The results showed that, although older adults' decisions were slower than those of younger adults, older adults could still perform visual search efficiently in the singleton condition as compared with the nonsingleton condition. These results suggest that salient natural scenes attract both younger and older adults' attention in scene perception based on the relatively bottom-up attentional processing.Key oodds: K age-related difference, attentional attraction, scene perceptionIn visual search, the observer is faced with the task of sifting through multiple features of stimuli to find a target. The most robust finding of visual search research is that search efficiency depends on the nature and combinations of features in the display. In studies of visual search, both bottom-up and top-down attentional controls are important (e.g., Wolfe, 1998). Remington, Johnston, and Yantis (1992) demonstrated that abrupt onsets of visual stimuli capture attention in a bottom-up way. In their experiments, participants were explicitly told that onsets would never cue the location of the target and were to be ignored. However, despite these instructions, search was slowed whenever an onset was presented in the display. In addition, Theeuwes (1992) required participants to search for a green circle among green squares. In that experiment, an irrelevant color singleton, which differs from homogenous distractors on a particular dimension, was presented on some trials (e.g., one of the squares was red), and search was disrupted. Even though participants had a clear attentional set to attend to a shape singleton, the irrelevant color singleton captured attention involuntarily. These findings indicate that abrupt onsets or new objects capture attention in a mandatory form. In contrast, in a top-down form, visual search is influenced relatively by the observer's knowledge and goals than by the properties of the display. Leber and

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“…At least four separate studies (Hines and Posner 1976;Lindholm and Parkinson 1983;Poon, and others 1976;Wright 1981) have found that the difference between name identity and physical identity decisions is greater for older adults than for young adults. These results therefore imply that with increased age more time is needed to access information from long−term memory.…”

Section: Rapid Access To Long−term Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%