An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management

Abstract

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, first published online on 11 January 2016. The version of record [Kathleen A Lewis, John Tzilivakis, Doublas J. Warner & Andrew Green, ???An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management???, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, Vol 22(4): 1050-1064 ] is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242Despite a changing world in terms of data sharing, availability, and transparency there are still major resource issues associated with collating datasets that will satisfy the requirements of comprehensive pesticide risk assessments especially those undertaken at regional or national scale. In 1996 a long-term project was initiated to begin collating and formatting pesticide data to eventually create a free-to-all repository of data which would provide a comprehensive transparent, harmonised and managed extensive dataset for all types of pesticide risk assessments. Over the last 20 years this database has been keeping pace with improving risk assessments, their associated data requirements, and the needs and expectations of database end users. In 2007 the Pesticides Properties DataBase (PPDB) was launched as a free-to-access website. Currently, the PPDB holds data for almost 2300 pesticide active substances and over 700 metabolites. For each substance around 300 parameters are stored covering human health, environmental quality and biodiversity risk assessments. Approaching the twentieth anniversary of the database this paper seeks to elucidate the current data model, data sources, its validation and quality control processes and describes a number of existing risk assessment applications that depend upon it

Water and Carbon Footprint of Wine: Methodology Review and Application to a Case Study

“…where C NOEC,i (kg¨m´3) is the minimum value of No-Observed-Effect-Concentration (NOEC) limit among Daphia, Algae and Fish for the i-th pollutant [49]. Runoff i (kg¨ha´1) is the predicted amount of active ingredient in surface water due to runoff and it is given by…”

Environmental risk assessment of pesticides in Ethiopia : a case of surface water systems

“…The acute toxicity tests were performed using seven concentrations (including control), with three replications per treatment. The toxicity tests used a static exposure extended for 96 h with a single pesticide spiking at the beginning of the test while establishing treatments.The dissipation from the water phase during the 96h experimental test period was expected to be low for endosulfan (DT50 hydrolysis = 20 days, pH = 7, T=20 °C, Lewis et al, 2016) and 50% for diazinon (DT50 hydrolysis = 138 days, pH = 7, T=20 °C, Lewis et al, 2016). All tests were done in 1.5 L glass jars filled with 1 or 0.5 L of water for insects and crustaceans, respectively.…”

“…Dechlorinated tap water was used for the crustaceans, while insects were tested in filtrated (mesh size 1-1.5 nm) water from the collection site. Stock solutions of 100 mg/L were prepared using demineralised water for both pesticides, using absolute ethanol (0.1%) as a solvent in view of the low and moderate water solubility of the substances (Lewis et al, 2016), leading to an ethanol content of 0.003% at the highest endosulfan concentration and of 0.0004% at the highest diazinon concentration. Test concentrations were prepared following successive serial dilutions stirred thoroughly for 15 seconds for each replication.…”

“…Pesticide data including their molar mass, saturated vapour pressure at 20 °C, water solubility, half-life of transformation in soil (DT 50soil ), half-life of transformation in water (DT 50water ), dissociation constant (pKa), coefficient for sorption on soil based on organic carbon content (K oc ), and their Freundlich exponent (1/n) were taken from the footprint Pesticide Properties Database (Lewis et al 2016) (Appendix A). …”

“…This percentile is commonly used in EU registration procedures for risks for the aquatic ecosystem, and reflects a somewhat less strict need for protection of aquatic organisms compared to humans. The No Effect Concentrations (NEC) values for aquatic organisms were estimated from the acute ecotoxicity data (LC50 and EC50) values for Daphnia, algae and fish taken from the footprint pesticides properties database (Lewis et al 2016). Toxicity to-wards rooted macrophytes, possibly a useful future addition to the risk assessment procedure, is not yet considered.…”