“…Despite the essential roles of IL-1β in the central nervous system, its involvement in BD is also supported by studies using both the clinical samples and cell lines. Firstly, the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β are significantly higher in the lymphocytes or peripheral blood of BD patients compared with healthy subjects (Pandey et al, 2015;Miklowitz et al, 2016;Ghafouri-Fard et al, 2019); preclinical studies have shown that IL-1β has an effect on the behavioral, emotional and neurochemical responses relevant to mood disorders (Anisman et al, 2008;Koo and Duman, 2009;Hannestad et al, 2011); in addition, genetic variations and haplotypes in the IL-1β promoter region not only affect IL-1β transcription in vitro (Chen et al, 2006) and in vivo (Yoshida et al, 2012;Mostaid et al, 2019), but are also linked with psychiatric disorders and psychosis transition (Papiol et al, 2004;Shirts et al, 2006;Xu and He, 2010;Yoshida et al, 2012;Bousman et al, 2018), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity (Papiol et al, 2007;Fatjó-Vilas et al, 2012), impaired emotion processing (Baune et al, 2010), and frontal gray matter deficits (Meisenzahl et al, 2001;Papiol et al, 2008). Nevertheless, this gene has been primarily investigated in European populations, and its correlation with BD remains less conclusive in other ethnic groups.…”