“…DC-DC converters are extensively employed in diverse fields such as telecommunications, automotive, renewable energy, and portable electronics (Abbasi and Lam, 2019;Rahimi et al, 2021;Rajesh and Prabaharan, 2023). By utilizing switching techniques and control circuitry, these converters efficiently step up or step down the voltage levels while minimizing power loss (Babaei et al, 2018b;Fardahar and Sabahi, 2019;Premkumar et al, 2019;Allehyani, 2021;Zaid et al, 2021a;Zaid et al, 2021b;Pashaie et al, 2023). Their compact size, high efficiency, and reliable performance make them indispensable for optimizing power utilization and meeting the voltage requirements of modern electronic systems (Mirzaee and Moghani, 2019;Farahani et al, 2023;Hasanpour et al, 2023).…”