“…So, for example, if a participant had studied a pair such as "Ordeal-Roach," and then had suppressed "Roach" whenever they were cued with "Ordeal," later recall of "Roach" is impaired both when it is tested with Ordeal (i.e., Same Probe test), and a novel test cue such as Insect R -(i.e., Independent Probe test). This property, known as cue-independence, previously demonstrated in the context of retrievalinduced forgetting (Anderson & Spellman, 1995, see Anderson, 2003 for a review), has been observed in a number of studies of retrieval suppression (Anderson & Green, 2001 ;Anderson et al, 2004 ;Anderson, Reinholz, Kuhl, & Mayr, 2011 ;Bergström, de Fockert, & Richardson-Klavehn, 2009 ;Lambert, Good, & Kirk, 2010 ;Murray, Muscatel, & Kensinger, 2011 ;Paz-Alonso, Ghetti, Matlen, Anderson, & Bunge, 2009 ;Tomlinson, Huber, Rieth, & Davelaar, 2009 ;Tramoni et al, 2009 ) . Figure 3a , b document the general pattern observed on independent probe tests within our lab (N = 687), and averaged across 800 participants in all published studies.…”