“…As a result, Independent System Operators (ISOs) and Reliability Transmission Organizations (RTOs) have been implementing DSM for its potential to lower market prices, reduce price volatility, improve customer options, and increase the elasticity from wholesale to retail market [32]. Researches on DSM have addressed the minimization of energy consumption, maximization of customer utility, the minimization of customer discomfort, the stabilization of electricity prices, and multi-objective optimizations from the customer side [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. In addition, there have also been studies on the integration of DSM and renewable uncertainty [41], centralized or distributed demand control algorithms [14,30,[42][43][44][45][46], demand-side storage [47,48], models of customer behavior [49], and prediction of DSM participation potential [50][51][52].…”