“…The individual plants in images can thus be identified using AI-based systems and then subsequently classified into "weed" and "wanted plant" groups (Hussain et al, 2021;Khan et al, 2020;Sabzi et al, 2020). For plant protection, the captured images are examined for pest infestation (Albanese et al, 2021;Esmail Karar et al, 2021;Ikeda et al, 2021), plant diseases (Ikeda et al, 2021;Lin et al, 2021;Pallathadka et al, 2021;Shin et al, 2020;Umamageswari et al, 2021), and to distinguish plant from non-plant (e.g., human, field constructions) (Partel et al, 2021). Based on the results of AI algorithms, the dosage of pesticides can be optimized, resulting in a lower environmental impact.…”