“…Some systems play the role of a teacher, instructor or coach (e.g., Lester, Towns and Fitzgerald, 1999; McCauley, Moxley and Van Velsor, 1998; Paiva and Machado, 1998), whereas others are dedicated to teaching English as a second language (Choi and Clark, 2006) or Spanish (Galluccio, 2008). However, very few systems address the needs of adult hearing‐impaired learners; current systems are either concerned with the tutoring aspects, such as the Colorado Literacy Virtual Tutor project (Wise, Cole and Van Vuuren et al., 2008) and the intelligent tutoring system to improve literacy (Michaud, McCoy and Pennington, 2000), or are designed to teach vocabulary and grammar, such as the system developed by Massaro and Bosseler (2006).…”