The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technologies into cancer research is reshaping the paradigm of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this complex and diverse group of diseases. AI and ML offer sophisticated analytical capabilities that significantly enhance the precision of cancer diagnostics, optimize treatment regimens through predictive analytics, and accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. This paper explores the application of advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in oncology. It emphasizes their mathematical foundations and practical implementations across various facets of cancer research, including detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment strategies. We provide a comprehensive review of influential algorithms, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and clustering techniques, discussing their significant roles in improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy.