An integrative verbal and visual analysis of the Carter‐Reagan debate

Tiemens, Robert K.; Hellweg, Susan A.; Kipper, Philip; Phillips, Steven L.

doi:10.1080/01463378509369576

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In order to test our propositions about the impact of gendered mediation we need a systematic assessment of just how combatively each leader behaved. Following the procedures employed by Denis Monière (1994) in his analysis of the 1993 French-language debate, we use five indicators of aggressive debating behaviour, namely, addressing another leader as "you" or by name, how often each leader was shown interrupting, and how often each leader was shown pointing a finger or clenching a fist (see also Tiemans, et al, 1985). 5 There is an obvious hierarchy to this behaviour: addressing remarks directly to another leader rather than to the moderator or the audience is patently less aggressive than pointing a finger at another leader or clenching a fist to emphasize a point.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders' Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000

Gidengil

Everitt

2003

Can J Pol Sci

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This article explores the implications for female politicians of the gendered nature of news coverage. An analysis of the language used in television news coverage of the English-language leaders' debates in the Canadian federal elections of 1993, 1997 and 2000 confirms that the debates are framed in stereotypically masculine ways as battles, sporting events or back street brawls. When the news coverage is compared with the leaders' actual behaviour in the debates, it is clear that the coverage focuses disproportionately on combative displays of behaviour by female party leaders, but tends to ignore the women when they adopt a more low-key style, especially when the novelty of a female leader has worn off.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders' Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000

Gidengil

Everitt

2003

Can J Pol Sci

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“…Likewise, eye tracking research suggests that individuals perceived as leaders are given greater visual attention than lesser-ranking contenders (Gerpott et al 2018). Furthermore, where people look in a televised political event may be affected by a putative leader's nonverbal style (Bucy and Gong 2016;Gong and Bucy 2016;Holland et al 2017), which is mediated by varying camera angles and shot types (Bucy and Newhagen 1999;Stewart et al 2019;Tiemens 1970Tiemens , 1978Tiemens et al 1985). As a result, how a candidate appears on camera could provide significant advantages in terms of both the amount and type of visual attention.…”

Section: Visual Attention As Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viewers have engaged in the direct evaluation of presidential candidates through the mediated presentation of televised debates for decades (Benoit 2013; Bucy 2016; McHugo et al 1985; Tiemens 1978; Tiemens et al 1985). In recent election cycles, the field of contenders has become larger, more diverse, and arguably more telegenic than in previous eras (see Online Supplementary file).…”

Section: Visual Priming and Framing Presidential Primary Debatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A break-out or command performance in even a single debate can change a candidate’s prospects for the better; as a result, even slight differences in speaking time are closely monitored by the campaigns. Although visually priming of candidates is more subtle than simple allocation of speaking time (Milavsky and Zhu 1996; Tiemens 1978; Tiemens et al 1985), camera attention alone can confer the perception of electoral viability by making some candidates more cognitively available and accessible than others (Iyengar and Kinder 1987; Iyengar and McGrady 2007; Moy et al 2016; Scheufele 2000). Visual framing may also influence the strength of nonverbal cues and signals on perceptions of leadership traits, affecting momentum in the polls (Iyengar and Kinder 1987; Iyengar and McGrady 2007; Moy et al 2016; Scheufele 2000).…”

Section: Visual Priming and Framing Presidential Primary Debatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual Priming and Framing During the 2020 Democratic Presidential Debates: Electoral Status Predicts Favorable Camera Treatment

Stewart

Eubanks

Hersom

et al. 2020

The International Journal of Press/Politics

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The 2020 Democratic presidential primary debates provide a unique opportunity to systematically evaluate network visual production choices in a multicandidate context. The joint decision of the Democratic National Committee and NBC to include an expansive field of twenty contenders through “prime-time” debates on consecutive nights (June 26 and 27, 2019) provided for a natural experiment with equal numbers of top- and second-tier candidates randomly assigned to each night. In this preregistered study, we evaluate whether candidates are treated differently in the amount of camera time they receive (visual priming) and types of camera shots they appear in (visual framing) based on electoral status. We replicate a study of the initial two Democratic and Republican 2016 presidential primary debates for each party and that found the top-two candidates received substantially better visual coverage than all others. We confirm and extend these findings by evaluating different operationalizations of electoral status (top-two, top-tier, stage position, and poll standing). Findings suggest that when visual priming is considered, stage position outperforms other electoral status indicators in terms of explaining variance for total camera and average fixation time. In terms of visual framing, head-and-shoulder “one-shots” are better predicted by top-tier status, whereas public opinion poll standing predicts increased time spent in multiple-candidate shots. Finally, appearances in “two-shots” (side-by-side and split-screen portrayals) were not significantly explained by electoral status, likely due to the paucity of these depictions.

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“…These studies indicate discrepancy often exists between verbal and visual content, suggesting that visual editing techniques can be used to elicit clash when verbal conflict is not occurring, or to overemphasize the clash when it is taking place. The opposite may also be true, editing techniques can be used to diminish the amount of verbal clash between candidates (Tiemens et al 1985).…”

Section: Media Broadcasting Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The News Media Outlet is the Message

Yun

Farrar

2017

ONLINE J COMMUN MEDI

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At the time of its inception, "the medium is the message" by Marshall McLuhan (1964) was both prophetic and controversial. A half-century later, with innovative broadcasting technologies leading to a massive scale media market, the concept of a singular "medium" seems too broad to understand theoretical patterns of political communication. This study proposes a new phrase, "the news media outlet is the message," and examines the differing effects of news media outlets for partly-mediated political communication. The experimental study measured changes in voters' candidate evaluations before and after watching each of the three real-time televised debates in the 2012 American presidential election. The participants, who were randomly assigned to and viewed the debates via one of the five different news media outlets, showed a clear media channel effect on their evaluations of political candidates in partly-mediated forms of political discourse, and it confirmed that the news media outlet was indeed the message.

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An integrative verbal and visual analysis of the Carter‐Reagan debate

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders' Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000

Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders' Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000

Visual Priming and Framing During the 2020 Democratic Presidential Debates: Electoral Status Predicts Favorable Camera Treatment

The News Media Outlet is the Message

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