An Integrative Two-Factor Model of Post-Traumatic Stress

EverlyJr., George S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1034-9_3

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This view is consistent with that of B. Perry (1993aPerry ( , 1993b in his review articles on the neurophysiology and neuropsychology of traumatized persons and also with recent formulations by Everly (1995a) and Joseph (1996). These two psychophysiological phases of hyperarousal/intrusion and numbing are incorporated in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD and acute stress disorder.…”

Section: The Physiology Of Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 89%

Symptomatic clients and memories of childhood abuse: What the trauma and child sexual abuse literature tells us.

Alpert¹,

Brown²,

Courtois³

1998

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Abuse was charged with reviewing relevant literature and making recommendations for future research directions as well as for clinical training and practice. To accomplish this charge, members of the Working Group agreed to review scholarly literature on trauma, child sexual abuse, and memory to provide possible explanations for the four most commonly identified memory recovery scenarios. In each scenario, an adult displays a series of psychological and psychosomatic symptoms before developing what are believed to be memories of having been sexually abused in childhood. One involves the recovery of child-abuse-related memories in the therapy setting; the other three, which involve the return of memory outside of therapy, concern (a) an individual who recalls abuse without therapeutic intervention, (b) an individual who believes that abuse has occurred without clear memory of abuse events per se, and (c) an individual who has no memory for abuse events despite the fact that external corroboration exists for them. Although these examples illustrate the range of memory recovery scenarios now documented in the clinical and research literature, it is of note that none of them necessarily explain how access to conscious cognitive memory was impeded or how such memories eventually became available.

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Section: The Physiology Of Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 89%

Symptomatic clients and memories of childhood abuse: What the trauma and child sexual abuse literature tells us.

Alpert¹,

Brown²,

Courtois³

1998

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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“…This means that they can be particularly sensitive to inner sensation or turmoil. A traumatic event such as burglary could cause them to become psychologically hypersensitive (Everly, 1995). Such hypersensitivity can remain stable over time, is not easily resolved, and can consequently lead the body to memorize the traumatic impact of the life event, and, according to the biological memory hypothesis (McFarlane & Papay, 1992;Mellman, Randolph, Brawman-Mintzer, Flores, & Milanes, 1992;van der Kolk et al, 1985), to therefore reexperience the trauma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress reactions following burglary: The role of coping and personality.

Chung

Stedmon

Hall

et al. 2014

Traumatology: An International Journal

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This study aimed to investigate the extent of posttraumatic stress reactions and psychiatric comorbidity following burglary and whether personality traits and coping strategies would relate to outcomes. One hundred twenty-five victims of burglary participated in the study. In addition to reporting information on their personal experiences of burglary, victims completed the Impact of Event Scale, the General Health QuestionnaireϪ28 (GHQ-28), the Eysenck Personality QuestionnaireϪR Short Scale, and the Ways of Coping Checklist. As a group, victims of burglary reported posttraumatic stress symptoms at a medium level of severity, while 41% met the cutoff for the high level of severity. Thirty-eight percent scored above the cutoff for the GHQ-28. Controlling for the characteristics of burglary, neuroticism related only to psychiatric comorbidity. Psychoticism buffered against the effects of both posttraumatic stress and psychiatric outcomes. Low scores on extraversion related to posttraumatic stress. Emotion-focused coping strategies related to both outcomes, while problem-focused coping buffered against the effect of psychiatric comorbid symptoms. No mediational relationships were found between personality traits, coping strategies, and outcomes. Victims of burglary can experience posttraumatic stress reactions associated with burglary and a range of other psychiatric symptoms. Personality traits of psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism influence outcomes in unique ways. Emotion-focused coping is not seemingly helpful in coping with the effects of burglary.

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“…Due to the detailed and clear terminology as of dsm-iv, it became possible to differentiate between recollecting, remembering and reexperiencing traumatic events (Wilson 1995), but also to distinguish between neurological and psychological hypersensitivity (Everly 1995). Single incident traumata were distinguished from complex 118 management • volume 14 or repetitive traumatic events, in order to be able to describe the adverse effects on a person's psychobiological growth and the various risk-levels of developing ptsd (Ford et al 2009).…”

Section: Ptsd and Resilience: Terminology And Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2019

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An Integrative Two-Factor Model of Post-Traumatic Stress

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Symptomatic clients and memories of childhood abuse: What the trauma and child sexual abuse literature tells us.

Symptomatic clients and memories of childhood abuse: What the trauma and child sexual abuse literature tells us.

Posttraumatic stress reactions following burglary: The role of coping and personality.

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