An integrative study of Anemonia viridis (Forsskål, 1775) and Aiptasia couchii (Cocks, 1851) (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Adriatic Sea

Arossa, Silvia; Cerrano, Carlo; Barucca, Marco; Carducci, Federica; Puce, Stefania; Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di

doi:10.1007/s00435-021-00539-z

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Five different morphotypes of A. viridis and four cryptic species have been described to date [25]. The cnidome, which includes the total complement of cnidocysts within a cnidarian specimen [4,5], comprises four types in adult individuals collected in the North Adriatic Sea; three nematocysts (holotrichous isorhiza, p-mastigophore, and a possible microbasic b-mastigophore) and one spirocyst [26]. Envenomation from sea anemones usually involves mild signs and symptoms of erythema, irregular, and painful plaques and papules [17,20,27,28]; rarely, cases of A. viridis stings have been reported [17,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Ballesteros

Salazar

Marambio

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness, and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users, and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda, and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Ballesteros

Salazar

Marambio

et al. 2022

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Five different morphotypes of A. viridis and four cryptic species have been described to date [25]. The cnidome, which includes the total complement of cnidocytes within a cnidarian specimen [5], comprises four cnidocyte types in adult individuals collected in the North Adriatic Sea; three nematocysts (holotrichous isorhiza, p-mastigophore and a possible microbasic bmastigophore) and one spirocyst [26]. Envenomation from sea anemones usually involves mild signs and symptoms of erythema, irregular and painful plaques and papules [17,20,27,28]; rarely, cases of A. viridis stings have been reported [17,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone <em>Anemonia viridis</em> (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Ballesteros¹,

Salazar²,

Marambio³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Anemonia viridis is an abundant and widely-distributed temperate sea anemone that can form dense congregations of individuals. Despite the potential severity of its sting, few detailed cases have been reported. We report a case of a severe toxic reaction following an A. viridis sting in a 35-year-old oceanographer. She developed severe pain, itching, redness and burning sensation, which worsened one week after treatment with anti-inflammatories, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Prompted by this event, and due to the insufficient risk prevention, lack of training for marine-environment users and lack of research into sting-specific first-aid protocols, we evaluated the cnidocyst response to five different compounds commonly recommended as rinse solutions in first-aid protocols (seawater, vinegar, ammonia, baking soda and freshwater) by means of the Tentacle Solution Assay. Vinegar and ammonia triggered an immediate and massive cnidocyst discharge after their application and were classified as activator solutions. Baking soda and freshwater were also classified as activator solutions, although with a lower intensity of discharge. Only seawater was classified as a neutral solution and therefore recommended as a rinse solution after A. viridis sting, at least until an inhibitory solution is discovered.

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“…Five different morphotypes of A. viridis and four cryptic species have been described till date (Porro et al, 2020). The cnidome, which includes the total complement of cnidocytes within a cnidarian specimen , comprises four cnidocytes types in adult individuals collected in the North Adriatic Sea; three nematocysts (holotrichous isorhiza, p-mastigophore and a possible microbasic b-mastigophore) and one spirocyst (Arossa et al, 2021). The envenomation from sea anemone usually involves mild manifestations with signs of erythema, irregular and painful plaques and papules (Abody and Klein-Kremer, 2006;Pais et al, 2008;Haddad Junior, 2013;Tezcan and Gözer, 2015) and rarely cases of A. viridis stings have been reported (Abody and Klein-Kremer, 2006;Tezcan and Gözer, 2015).…”

Section: Disarming a Myth With Scientific Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) as an industrial research model: improvements in aquaculture techniques and preventive measures against their stings

Ballesteros Mascarell

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(English) Jellyfish stings cause discomfort to users of the marine environment, who sometimes require medical assistance. Although jellyfish stings are common today, the scientific community remains in disagreement on how to act in first-aid protocols. Most of the recommended compounds are based on empirical knowledge, and they are difficult to transfer to the cosmetic or pharmaceutical industry due to the lack of knowledge of their mechanisms of action. In the Mediterranean Sea, the mauve stinger Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) is the most important jellyfish due to its high frequency, abundance, wide distribution and severity of its sting. This jellyfish is the cause of a high number of stings, which is why it is considered a target species in the development of tools for the prevention and mitigation of jellyfish stings. P. noctiluca is one of the few jellyfish with a holoplanktonic life cycle, a peculiarity that has limited its study in different areas of knowledge under controlled conditions. The main objective of this PhD thesis was to inhibit the discharge of P. noctiluca stinging cells (cnidocytes) through active ingredients that could be incorporated into cosmetic products intended to prevent and mitigate the effects of jellyfish stings. As secondary objectives highlighted: expanding knowledge in the biology of P. noctiluca, its aquaculture techniques, and the implication of topical solutions in first-aid protocols. In Chapter 1, the morphological and anatomical characteristics of P. noctiluca were described, including the first cnidome description – set of stinging cells – through growth in aquaculture. Cnidocytes were classified into four nematocyst types: a-isorhiza, A-isorhiza, O-isorhiza, and eurytele; being the types a-isorhiza and eurytele the most important throughout the life cycle, and O-isorhiza and eurytele the main ones involved in its sting. In Chapter 2, the life cycle of P. noctiluca was optimized in aquaculture. Total body diameter, instantaneous growth rate, and survival rate were monitored in the presence of different feeding regimens. For the first time, the third generation of individuals was obtained in the presence and absence of gelatinous prey (Aurelia sp.). In order to improve jellyfish aquaculture techniques, in Chapter 3, the design of an aquarium for the growth of the early life cycle stages in flow-through or closed systems was presented. Its configuration allows changing the mesh screen in situ, adjusting the size of the mesh according to the stages of the cycle, as well as the prey offered. The use of vinegar, a compound widely used as a rinse solution after jellyfish stings, was contraindicated in Chapter 4. This compound triggered the discharge of all types of nematocysts by the tentacle solution assay (TSA). In addition, vinegar did not decrease the hemolytic areas produced after inoculation of the venom in the tentacle skin blood agarose assay (TSBAA). Finally, in Chapter 5, the discharge of P. noctiluca nematocysts was inhibited with hydroxyacetophenone and Symsitive¿ in combination with butylene glycol, two active ingredients widely used in the cosmetics sector. Furthermore, hemolytic areas decreased after the stinging event compared to seawater, a non-inhibitory compound. These compounds were considered of high value because they are also beneficial for treating skin damage, relieving pain and burning sensations; clinical signs and symptoms typical of jellyfish stings. Overall, this PhD thesis provided significant advances in the area of knowledge of the biology of P. noctiluca, aquaculture and management of jellyfish stings. (Español) Las picaduras de medusas provocan molestias a los usuarios del medio marino e incluso, en ocasiones, requieren asistencia médica. A pesar de que son comunes hoy en día, la comunidad científica permanece en desacuerdo sobre cómo actuar en los protocolos de primeros auxilios. La mayoría de compuestos recomendados se basan en conocimientos empíricos, y son de difícil transferencia a la industria cosmética o farmacéutica por el desconocimiento de sus mecanismos de acción. En el mar Mediterráneo, el aguijón malva Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) es la medusa más importante debido a su alta frecuencia, abundancia, amplia distribución y gravedad de su picadura. Esta medusa es la causante de un alto número de picaduras, por lo que se considera una especie objetivo en el desarrollo de herramientas de prevención y mitigación de las picaduras de medusas. P. noctiluca es una de las pocas medusas con un ciclo de vida holoplanctónico, una peculiaridad que ha limitado su estudio en diferentes áreas del conocimiento en condiciones controladas. El principal objetivo de la presente tesis doctoral fue inhibir la descarga de las células urticantes (cnidocitos) de P. noctiluca a través de principios activos que pudieran ser incorporados en productos cosméticos destinados a prevenir y mitigar los efectos de las picaduras de medusas. Como objetivos secundarios destacaron: ampliar el conocimiento en la biología de P. noctiluca, sus técnicas de acuicultura, y la implicación de las soluciones tópicas en los protocolos de primeros auxilios. En el Capítulo 1 se describieron las características morfológicas y anatómicas de P. noctiluca, incluyendo la primera descripción del cnidoma – conjunto de células urticantes – a través del crecimiento en acuicultura. Los cnidocitos se clasificaron en cuatro tipos de nematocistos: a-isorhiza, A-isorhiza, O-isorhiza y eurytele; siendo los tipos a-isorhiza y eurytele los más importantes a lo largo del ciclo de vida, y O-isorhiza y eurytele los principales implicados en su picadura. En el Capítulo 2 se optimizó el ciclo de P. noctiluca en acuicultura. Se monitorizó el diámetro total del cuerpo, la tasa de crecimiento instantánea y la tasa de supervivencia en presencia de diferentes regímenes de alimentación. Por primera vez se obtuvo la tercera generación de individuos en presencia y ausencia de presas gelatinosas (Aurelia sp.). Con el fin de mejorar las técnicas de acuicultura de medusas, en el Capítulo 3, se presentó el diseño de un acuario para el crecimiento de los primeros estadios del ciclo de vida de las medusas en sistemas de flujo continuo y cerrado. Su configuración permite cambiar la pantalla de malla in situ, ajustando el tamaño de la malla según los estadios del ciclo, así como las presas ofrecidas. El uso de vinagre, un compuesto ampliamente utilizado como solución enjuague después de picaduras de medusas, fue contraindicado en el Capítulo 4. Este compuesto desencadenó la descarga de todos los tipos de nematocistos mediante el tentacle solution assay (TSA). Además, el vinagre no disminuyó las áreas hemolíticas producidas tras la inoculación del veneno mediante el tentacle skin blood agarose assay (TSBAA). Finalmente, en el Capítulo 5, se inhibió la descarga de nematocistos de P. noctiluca con hidroxiacetofenona y Symsitive¿ en combinación con butilenglicol, dos principios activos ampliamente utilizados en el sector cosméticos. Además, las áreas hemolíticas disminuyeron tras el evento de picadura en comparación con el agua de mar, un compuesto no inhibidor. Estos compuestos se consideraron de alto valor por ser también beneficiosos para tratar daños en la piel, aliviar la sensación de dolor y quemazón; síntomas y signos clínicos propios de picadura de medusas. En conjunto, la presente tesis doctoral aportó avances significativos en el área de conocimiento de la biología de P. noctiluca, acuicultura y gestión de las picaduras de medusas.

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An integrative study of Anemonia viridis (Forsskål, 1775) and Aiptasia couchii (Cocks, 1851) (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from the North Adriatic Sea

Cited by 3 publications

References 54 publications

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone Anemonia viridis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Trial Assay for Safe First-Aid Protocol for the Stinging Sea Anemone <em>Anemonia viridis</em> (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) and a Severe Toxic Reaction

Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) as an industrial research model: improvements in aquaculture techniques and preventive measures against their stings

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