“…In this episode, Benny and Gail listen to the iPad reading the text aloud (Line 1), activate hotspots (Lines 2, 3,7,[8][9][10][11][12], and discuss their actions (Lines 3,5,13). The multimodal information and interactive nature of the app book (Kucirkova, 2017) add complexity to the buddy reading dynamics (i.e., three-way transactions among the text, Benny, and Gail), which is not salient in buddy reading of traditional print texts. However, most existing studies examine children's buddy reading with traditional print books (e.g., Caserta-Henry, 1996;Flint, 2010;Mathes, Howard, Allen, & Fuchs, 1998;Sáenz, Fuchs, & Fuchs, 2005;Vaughn, Klingner, & Bryant, 2001).…”